Nine Inch Nails David Bowie free essay sample

Ive thought Nine Inch Nails was the best band on the planet for a couple of years however I currently realize how horrendously belittled they are. September 16, 1995. One of the main stops of the Outside Tour, David Bowies first visit in quite a while. There was a fairly huge sold-out group at Great Woods. After Prick, I, not all that calmly, sat tight for Nine Inch Nails, the subsequent opening act, to show up. Out of nowhere, an extraordinary hit to the speakers and Trent, Charlie, Chris, Robin and Danny thundered onto the phase with Terrible Lie. As Trent shouted Now, doesnt it cause you to feel better? to March of the Pigs we replied, YES! A grin split over his excellent face and the squash of the mosh pit broke a couple of more ribs. I watched in wonder through Wish and shouted alongside Gave Up and ADown in it. There was a passionate interruption, at that point, as obscured birds mixed about on the screen behind the band. We will compose a custom paper test on Nine Inch Nails David Bowie or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Trent vanished behind the window ornament as everybody asked that the set wasnt over. He returned with a gleaming saxophone in his grasp. As he played peaceful, mesmerizing notes through the amplifier, a figure strolled onto the stage. The cries and shouts of every individual in the inside mixed together into one riotous blast as David Bowie ventured up to the receiver. They danced through Subterranean and Trent ventured forward, into the spotlight for a boisterous slamming adaptation of Scary Monsters. David and Trent exchanged vocals while Nine Inch Nails drummer, Chris Vrenna, cooperated with the large haired Bowie drummer. Out of nowhere, the throbbing cries of Hurt seeped through the speakers and the tears moved down my face. This passionate tune ended up being the last tune for Trent and companions. With a wave, they unfortunately vanished from sight and David dominated. The set was enriched with different figures in Bondage. David flickered, blinding to take a gander at, as he loose on a work area for The Man Who Sold the World (the first is in every case better). The showy behavior were entrancing as he limited everywhere throughout the phase for Jump They Say and gradually, as though reluctantly, got done with Joe the Lion. I watched in amazement through this presentation and Im pitiful, yet blissful, to state that I will never again observe such a magnificent a scene (at any rate until I see NIN again)

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay

Destitution can be difficult to depict on occasion particularly while including kids. â€Å"Last year, 35.9 million Americans †including 13 million youngsters †lived in poverty† (de Leon, 2004). There is no requirement for these sorts of rates, particularly with regards to our kids. Kids in neediness are issues that can't be disregarded in today’s society. Over coming youngster destitution would take gigantic vitality and quality from everybody in the United States. â€Å"While we are the most extravagant nation, we rank most elevated in youngster neediness rates among rich nations† (Bezruchka, 2007). What the vast majority neglect is the lacking sustenance alongside joblessness and lodging that is stuffed. A few people like to accept that these youngsters don't exist and everybody is upbeat and cheerful. When much of the time there could be a youngster living in destitution nearby. There are some low-salary individuals in the United States; an immense number of them are youngsters. â€Å"In 2003, the administration characterized 35.9 million men, ladies, and childrenâ€12.5 percent of the U.S. populationâ€as poor† (Macionis, 2006). An individual being poor is another word for an individual being in neediness. Neediness can be characterized from numerous points of view, for instance, deficient salary can cause a family to be underneath the destitution line. The home condition can likewise add to the neediness issue in light of the fact that, most homes that look in deterioration imply that the family living inside probably won't have the salary to fix things. At the point when a family is in the neediness zone they feel terrible and insufficient which can make them reluctant to request help. This can be destructive to the youngsters since they don't have a state when the grown-ups need assistance. A youngster in more unfortunate family can likewise have unexpected frailty because of lacking medicinal services and routine visits. Lower salary families attempt to purchase enough nourishment for everybody except, this doesn't generally convey the nutrients and supplements a developing kid needs. The nutritious and solid food isn't in every case minimal effort and can be hard for a low-salary family to bear. Various nutritious suppers sets aside some effort to get ready and when gatekeepers work throughout the day they most likely don't feel like or have the opportunity to prepare a first-class dinner. For instance, a single parent works in a pizza parlor to help her kids, each night the proprietor lets her take a free pizza home, this is a great idea to eat however doesn't flexibly the consistently supplements a kid needs. A youngster who doesn't get sufficient sustenance can endure scholastically. Kids who live in destitution suffer hardships in scholastics, social issues and now and again physical issues. Youngsters who live in low-pay homes are bound to have issues in school, making companions and remaining solid. At the point when youngsters from lower pay families go to class they can be mocked because of them not having the best garments or the correct supplies. This negatively affects their confidence and mingling, the youngsters will keep on being apprehensive about these things. The evaluations will here and there show when a youngster has regard issues or is too anxious to even think about paying consideration. Social insurance is a developing worry for kids in light of the fact that the vast majority can't manage the cost of inclusion and now and then make a lot for programs like the clinical card. Without the correct kind of clinical visits the kid will endure. Ailments like colds or the normal influenza can go undiscovered which if terrible enough can prompt genuine medical issues. Sicknesses like Attention Deficit Disorder additionally know as ADD which can be handily analyzed by a specialist can be confused with mischief. Most guardians without inclusion hold up until it is totally important to take the youngster to a specialist, which at time can be harming. A few people would imagine that low-pay kids would not have weight issues at the same time, they do, because of undesirable dietary patterns. The quantities of youngsters in the United States living in lower salary families proceeds to grow.â The quantity of kids living in neediness has expanded by over 11% somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005. There are 1.3 million a bigger number of youngsters living in destitution today than in 2000, notwithstanding signs of monetary recuperation and growth† (Fass and Cauthen, 2006). A great many people need to accept since the economy is developing the destitution level is dropping in any case, it isn't. Sure there are more occupations and more lucrative employments yet these require preparing which is exorbitant. The other thing to recall is this happens when wages go up the product goes up too. Individuals will in general assistance kids in different nations as opposed to help their own. There are numerous plugs about sparing the youngsters from infection and starvation in different nations nobody considers the kids here. The quantity of kids in destitution would fall if individuals would perceive the difficulties in their own patios. There are individuals who make millions from making films or music and don't help the youngsters in the U.S. They would prefer to have the exposure from receiving a kid or giving cash to youngsters in another nation. Truth be told the amount of the gave cash, in certainty goes where it has a place. To assistant in the expenses of human services for kids and old Medicaid and Medicare were framed. â€Å"The government’s most generous †and best †contribution in human services came in 1965, when it made Medicare to support the old and Medicaid to help the poor† (2000). Medicare and Medicaid were achieved in light of the fact that individuals were straying into the red for clinical consideration and most youngsters couldn't bear the cost of clinical treatment. Medicare is a medical coverage program made for individuals more than 65 and Medicaid, which is subsidized by bureaucratic and state governments, is for youngsters who can't bear the cost of inclusion. Concerning the ones who don't meet all requirements for either Medicaid or Medicare there is SCHIP which is for low to white collar class families. â€Å"The State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) was set up in 1997 to give government-paid inclusion to youngsters whose guardians aren’t sufficiently poor to get government assistance and Medicaid† (2007). These projects made an extraordinary improvement upon destitution evaluations in kids since medicinal services was made reasonable. These are beneficial things, however there are a few issues with the plans and individuals don't qualify. A few drugs are not endorsed to be secured alongside requiring tests done that need to sit tight for endorsement. There are breaks in the framework too, in light of the fact that the Department of Health and Human Resources doesn't consider the prescriptions relatives are on and what amount cash based cost they are covering. For instance a family may get approximately 800 dollars every month and need to burn through 33% on meds. The DHHR just observes they get an excess of cash-flow to fit the bill for various kinds of help. In any case, generally Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP have made destitution levels in youngsters decline. The following thing to be dealt with was bills and funds. Impermanent Assistance for Needy Families assists with the budgetary obligations of the family unit. TANF is for families with kids who have no salary or methods of supporting themselves. The sum got relies upon the size of the family, however just covers two kids and two grown-ups complete. TANF is there for when a family looses a vocation or gets unfit to perform work related errands any longer. Government assistance help, for example, TANF now has a breaking point to what extent a family can get help. This cutoff is 60 months, which can be spread out, utilized just when required or for a long time straight. Food Stamps associate in the families food needs, these compensation for food as it were. Like TANF there is a set salary level to get these. The Food Stamp program was first begun as a sort of supplement, an individual would purchase stamps with money and use them in a store at the same time, they would be worth more than what the individual had paid in real money. Later on the food stamps turned out to be allowed to qualifying families. This implies food stamps no longer must be purchased, a family simply needed to meet certain pay prerequisites. There are various individuals at present getting food stamps in light of the fact that the top for money is high, which enables various families to out with buying food. There is no restriction to what extent a family can get food stamps as long as they keep on qualifying. A standard yet unsafe piece of the government assistance framework is that a portion of the open which don't attempt tend to take the low street and get help when the help isn't required. While others set forth huge exertion to make a fair business wind up paying charges to help keep up the government assistance framework. A few people accept that the food stamp program has made it excessively simple on certain individuals to lounge around and sits idle while gathering TANF and food stamps, yet for the individuals who really need it they are incorrect. There are numerous individuals who go to government assistance for help who really need assistance for a brief timeframe while they recover financially. There are likewise individuals who are incidentally incapacitated, guardians who have lost their partner and have no place else to turn for budgetary assistance, or other unanticipated conditions, these are the individuals who need these kinds of help. Notwithstanding, for the individuals who exploit these frameworks they make things harder for the individuals who need assistance. Low-pay families with kids need these administrations so as to endure; some make it hard for them. Without the assistance from offices youngster destitution would keep on rising radically. Kid destitution in the United States is high at the present time yet thinks about how high the rates would be without programs like TANF, Medicaid, Medicare, and food stamps. Low-pay kids would be unfortunate and without the insignificant prerequisites expected to continue typical life. Despite the fact that there have been enhancements to the projects which help kids in destitution there is as yet far to go. Some of the time kids get lost in an outright flood since they are directly on the cusp and don't fit the bill for government help or have enough salary or me

The Difference Between Wether, Weather, and Whether

The Difference Between Wether, Weather, and Whether You look at the page and see three words: weather, whether and wether. Although none of these three words is spelled the same, they all sound the same when you say them. Theyre classed as homonyms. They have the same pronunciation but different meanings. Its easy to confuse them, and its easy to write one word when you really want to use another (this is more common than you think in English such as with on to and onto, and it can happen even with words that arent homonyms like further and farther. How can you tell the difference? Wether: something you never knew about sheep First, wether is hardly ever used, so you can almost forget about it, but its still good to know its meaning. Yes, some people might write it by accident instead of whether or even weather but it means something completely different than both those words. Actually, a wether is a male sheep or goat thats had a particularly sensitive operation in the groin area we wont explain in detail here. Its only farmers and animal experts who usually need to know and use this word. Weather: just look out the window People everywhere love to complain about the weather no matter if its the rain, the wind, the sun, or a combination of all of these. Weather is the state of the natural environment in a place at a particular time. Cold weather comes with winter, and hot or warm weather arrives in summer. Of course, the northern hemisphere has winter at the same time that the south has summer. This means that different seasons actually occur at the same time in different places, not just different weather. This is where weather becomes a little confusing, but you dont need to worry about this. Just understand what the word means. When it starts with we, its talking about the natural conditions that we experience. Whether: to be or not to be On the other hand, whether has absolutely nothing to do with sheep or how it is outside. This word is normally used as a conjunction. And is a conjunction. So is or. Consider this sentence: Whether we go to the moon or not, we will think its beautiful. Its almost the same as saying: If we go to the moon, or if we stay on Earth, we will think the moon is beautiful. So whether is very much like if. And you can see that you have two choices. One is fabulous: you can visit the moon. This means youre either an astronaut or a billionaire with your own private space vehicle. If thats so, you can stop reading this right now and do all the important things you have on your schedule today. The second choice is a lot duller: to stay home. However, both choices allow you to appreciate the lunar beauty, so we have two happy endings. A variation of this occurs in the following sentence: I dont know whether I can pass astronaut training school. There is just one situation stated here: to pass. You can either pass or fail, so you have two choices, but the pass option is the only one stated. In the first sentence, you can either go or not go, and thats two choices as well, but both are clearly stated. And if you want to pass astronaut school, we recommend a lot more advanced math and science in addition to English. You also need to be athletic, healthy, smart, dedicated, lucky But anythings possible. Language keeps changing whether you like it or not Whether also used to be a pronoun that meant the same as which or whichever. For example: Whichever you buy, the Rolls-Royce or the Cadillac, youll have a great car can also be stated Whether you buy the Rolls-Royce or the Cadillac, youll have a great car. Now, these are not personal pronouns like I or you. There are quite a few types of pronouns, but they all have this in common: they replace nouns or refer to nouns. So in the sentence above, whichever refers to Cadillac and Rolls-Royce. Since whether is not really used as a pronoun these days, you dont need to remember this definition. Just think if any time you see whether, and youll be on the right track. Whatever the weather youll know whether youre right Knowing what the weather will do next isnt easy, but knowing whether you should use one homonym or another is just a little memory game. As for the sheep, most people wouldnt know what you were talking about anyway, so just call them sheep and youll be doing just fine. (Photo courtesy of Roberto Verzo)

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Herman Melville s Bartleby The Scrivener - 938 Words

â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† delves into the life of a worker at a New York City Law firm. Herman Melville provides a drab and bleak outlook on the conditions of labor and mental state of the workers at the firm. Though the story can be seen as a depiction of the isolation and lack of passion found in big city labor, I believe that Melville provides much more in his writing. Within the details provided in the story, he manages to forge a metaphor for the power of transcendental ideals such as self reliance and choice within a society. He illustrates a culture run not by one’s own beliefs, but rather the generalized other and people plagued by authoritarian ideals. By the end of the tale of Bartleby and his influence within the firm Melville strives to change society by informing the reader of the importance of non-conformity and belief in one’s ideals, but also the danger of following through with that in society. Melville initially creates a setting that adds a sense of desolation and dreariness within the office, as shown with the â€Å"unobstructed view of a lofty brick wall, black with age and everlasting shade.† This provides a general outlook on the law firm as a place of sadness, routine work, and isolation. The idea of being surrounded by wall also further depicts a sense of being physically trapped within their office, and possibly symbolically in their job or capitalist culture. In addition to the bleak atmosphere at the office, the workers at the firm are people who haveShow MoreRelatedHerman Melville s Bartleby The Scrivener1455 Words   |  6 Pagesto make the commands and orders pertaining to the employee, however in Herman Melville’s Bartleby the Scrivener, this situation is not the case, and in fact opposite. Blatantly about the passive resistance the main character, or employee, Bartleby achieves with the famous, â€Å"I prefer not to,† quote, this basic idea of passive resistance only skims the surfa ce of the underlying themes and lessons presented in the book. Melville adds certain aspects into the story that raise questions about Bartleby’sRead MoreHerman Melville s Bartleby, The Scrivener1305 Words   |  6 PagesHerman Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener Born in New York City on August 1st, 1819, Herman Melville led a life that commenced in partial fame and success, but ended in poverty and despair. Although unjustly criticized for the â€Å"purposeless extravagance† and â€Å"disorderliness† of his writing, due to his digressions into many different topics while discussing a single one, especially in his most celebrated novel today, though most criticized and unappreciated in his time, Moby Dick, Herman MelvilleRead MoreHerman Melville s Bartleby The Scrivener1402 Words   |  6 Pagestackle these walls. Herman Melville gives us a glimpse at how walls can eventually destroy us if we give into them. In his short story, Bartleby the Scrivener, the narrator tells the story of a clerk he once employed, Bartleby. At first, Bartleby seemed to be the perfect employee, but he eventually began to shirk his work and depart into himself. Through the narrative, the narrator gives his account of how he dealt with Bartleby and giv es the reader a look at the walls Bartleby dealt with in partRead MoreA Man s World On Wall Street1638 Words   |  7 PagesWhat makes a man, a man? Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† written in 1851, undoubtedly constructs a man’s world on Wall Street. During this time, it would be said that men and women had a certain role to fulfill. It just so happened that men were considered superior over women during the 1800’s. However, Melville wasn’t completely prosperous exterminating women from his narrative. Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener,† is full of male characters. Bartleby, Turkey, Nippers, and GingerRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club And Bartleby The Scrivener1376 Words   |  6 PagesI am a reader who s level of engagement in the story coincides with how applicable the conflicts and central messages are to my life. Likewise, I can readily appreciate a story and its contents when I can mature as a reader alon gside the development of the story’s main characters, the protagonist especially. For this reason, I was enthralled with Amy Tan’s ‘The Joy Luck Club’ and Herman Melville’s ‘Bartleby, the Scrivener,’ as I resonated well with its main characters; just as the characters graduallyRead MoreBartleby the Scrivener Essay2334 Words   |  10 PagesBartleby’s Isolation and the Wall Introduction: â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener, A Story of Wall Street† is a short story by Herman Melville in which the narrator, a lawyer who runs a firm on Wall Street, tells the story of a rebellious scrivener who worked for him named Bartleby. One day, Bartleby simply states â€Å"I would prefer not to† when asked to do his normal copying duties as a scrivener (Melville). Soon Bartleby starts sleeping and eating at the office, refusing to leave. Eventually the narratorRead MoreThe School Of Marxist Criticism1703 Words   |  7 Pagesallowed to teach and in fact it lead to not being able to step on campus for any reason leaving him the only option to abandon his long term carrier. And later produced his famous opposition letter named â€Å"Rheinische Zeitung†. Bartleby the Scrivener written by Herman Melville is my focused story in this Marxist criticism approach due to the multiple elements that are inserted in the work piece which are alienation, Class Conflict, Freedom/Imprisonment, and Individualism. These approaches are very importantRead MoreEssay about Individual Freedom in Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener869 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom in Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener What motivates you to go to work everyday? What motivates you to dress the way you do? What motivates you to be reasonable when it comes to normal requests? Ah, the ultimate question in need of an answer: Who determines what is reasonable and normal, and should we not determine these matters for ourselves? Chaos would result, you say, if every individual were granted that freedom. Yet, we all do have that freedom, and Herman Melville (1819-1891) throughRead MoreBartleby The Scrivener Analysis1203 Words   |  5 Pages Herman Melville is an acclaimed author of the American Renaissance period and his most commendable works include â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener†. The story of â€Å"Bartleby† is not only a revelation of the business world of the mid-19th century but at the same time, it is also the manifestation of the emerging capitalistic lifestyle of perhaps New York’s most prominent street, Wall Street. Bartleby is a rather peculiar yet captivating figure. Bartleby’s life and death contribute to a sort of enigma for theRead More Social Deviance in Bartleby the Scrivener Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Social Deviance in Bartleby the Scrivener nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Bartleby the Scrivener is a story that takes place on Wall Street, peopled by workers of a common mold.nbsp; Being a non-conformatist of the most extreme type,nbsp; Bartleby is eventually suffers a death of attrition.nbsp; The message that Melville intends for the reader is how society has little tolerance for social deviance. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; I mentioned a

Pollution- A Chemical Change - 659 Words

Pollution Pollution is the chemical change in the structure of biological creatures and the components of environment that would lead to imbalance the nature. Pollutants can be any solid materials, liquids, gases or microbes. There are so many picture of pollution such as: Air, noise, water, soil, radioactive, light and visual pollutions etc. The phenomenon is a serious environmental disaster that has a lot of causes and effects on every field of the human’s life, its dangers could not be understood so far. On one hand, there are diverse sources of pollution and of course they are responsible for the widespread of diseases and epidemics. All such causes of pollution are manmade that are considered the most fatal and disastrous cause of any environmental pollution. He invents, manufactures and uses, does a lot of industrial expansions, and technological advancements. Misusing of resources causes the disaster. As a result, the environment needs the person who loves and cares for. Firstly, air is the essential source of life. Any creature can survive without only for a few minutes, therefore it must be pure, clean and breathable. Air pollution means presence of harmful substances which harm health of the human in both the short and the long term. The environment, which we live in, can be polluted by garbage, radioactive waste, biological weapons and poisonous gases. The problem of air pollution occurred after the Second World War. Oil, gas and the mass extension in theShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Pollution721 Words   |  3 Pagesare affected by pollution. Cancer, disease, and kidney failure are just some of the rapidly increasing effects. Pollution is a growing concern that is gradually changing the way the environment and ecosystem function. With thousands of foreign and natural contaminants being pumped into the environment every day, serious action will need to be taken to reverse the life-threatening effects of pollution. Although, some could argue that pollution is mostly caused by natural chemicals; the number oneRead MoreAquatic Ecology : The Science Of Ecology1555 Words   |  7 Pagesobtain energy and food. Sunlight is the primary source of energy used by organisms on the earth s surface. There are two types of organisms, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Autotrophs can produce their food from their surroundings using light, or chemical energy and heterotrophs do not produce their food and are dependent on other organisms for food. Organisms living in aquatic ecosystems are dependent on the resources of their environment. A large range of plants, animals, microorganisms and evenRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Pollution On Our Oceans1593 Words   |  7 Pagesoceans and freshwater as well as marine life. Plastic pollution effects not only the ocean and its’ marine life, but humans as well and not just in the United States, but everywhere. Landfills are running into water systems every day, carrying more plastics and trash in to all of the oceans. For instance, in the Mediterranean Sea, sewage is untreated and that totals eighty percent. Sewage can lead to eutrophication, which is an enrichment of chemicals in an ecosystem, but it can cause human diseases asRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution And Methods Of Management1279 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Pollution and Methods of Management As recent as it may seem, pollution was actually an apparent issue even for the ancient civilizations since the fire they used to cook would release particles which would pollute the surrounding atmosphere. However, this kind of pollution that occurred in the previous civilizations did not pose much of a threat to the environment because it was very minimal. As time progressed the technological advancements that were made in the 19th and 20th centuriesRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesBackground and Analysis Air pollution is the infiltration of chemicals or toxic molecules into the atmosphere. In the global context many countries including China, the United States, Mexico, and others are haunted by pollution in the air. However each has a certain degree of air pollution different from the other. Air pollution kills animals and plants by intoxicating our bodies with harmful bacteria and chemicals. Unless our bodies become immune or we learn to clear the pollution earth s ecosystem willRead MoreResearch Essay On Global Pollution1172 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Essay on Global Pollution The global pollution is one of the major hazards human civilization is confronted with at present. 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It takes over 300 years to degradeRead MoreA Proposal to Protect Drinking Water Quality Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe problem of reduced drinking water quality due to chemical pollution. Some bodies of water in the United States are becoming polluted from chemicals and restrictions are needed to protect drinking water quality. THE BACKGROUND OF CHEMICAL USE AND WATER QUALITY Drinking water quality was not a concern until the last century when the use of chemicals was greatly expanded. Chemicals are used to kill weeds, insects, and other pests. Chemicals are typically sprayed on an area and are designed notRead MorePollution Horticulture821 Words   |  4 PagesChallenges to commercial Horticulture due to pollution in the uk A major challenge to the horticulture industry is pollution and the negative effects that may arise because of it. As the population grows it is apparent that pollution is unavoidable to some degree, this will undoubtedly have a impact on commercial horticulture. There are three main types of pollution that can have a negative effect on horticulture; Air pollution water pollution soil pollution the first challenge that commercialRead MoreWater Pollution Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesAs the earth is heating due to global warming caused by pollution, the temperatures are rising and creating a shift in the water environment, slowly damaging the earth. As this continues, more birds are getting stuck in six pack plastic rings, turtles are getting straws stuck up their nose, and more penguins are getting oil stuck in their feathers. The looks of the atrocious scenes shown above, have created a worsening economy for the tourism industry, â€Å"polluted rivers are marrying the reputation

Committing suicide Essay Example For Students

Committing suicide Essay One spring evening in 1912 Inspector Goole arrived at the Birlings home. He tells them that a young woman has died having swallowed a strong disinfectant. Whilst he questions each at the Birlings house we then find out their involvements with Eva Smith.  The inspector first turns his attention to Mr. Birling, showing him a photograph of Eva Smith. Mr. Birling admitted that he had employed the girl and that he had also fired her because she had a lot to sayfar too much and also she had been causing trouble in the works. She also wanted a pay rise from 22 and 6 shillings to 25 shillings a week. Mr. Birling wanted the wages to stay the same because he wants to keep labour costs down and if he gave them a rise, labour costs would go up 12%.  I dont think that what Mr. Birling did to Eva Smith would have leaded her to commit suicide because people get laid off everyday.  AT the beginning of December, 1910, Eva was lucky enough to be accepted for a job at a very good, high-class shop, Milwards. Sheila Birling, daughter of Mr. Birling, was in Milwards picking out a dress. Eva was told to get the dress and Sheila tried it on and knew straight away it didnt look right. However when Eva measured it up against herself Sheila thought Eva looked great in the dress. So as Sheila was in a terrible mood that day, she threatened the owner of Milwards that if Eva was not laid off, she and her mother would never shop there again. Although Sheila thought it wasnt anything terrible at the time, Sheila then believed she was to blame Im to blame and was very depressed when she found out Eva Smith had committed suicide.  Gerald Croft met Eva Smith at the Palace Music Hall in the stalls bar. She was calling herself Daisy Renton now. Gerald met her when he saved Daisy from Joe Megarty, who had her up in a corner touching her up. Gerald treated her well and even set her up in some apartments that were owned by his friend who was out of town.  I think Gerald could have been responsible for Eva/Daisys death because he left her thinking she was okay, but on the inside she was upset, she just never showed it. Eric Birling met Eva one night in November, 1911. They got on well and made love; Eric thought she was good that they insisted to see more of each other. As Eric was squiffy he didnt take any precautions and ended up getting Eva pregnant.  Eric had a large part to do with Evas death because she thought he was too good, giving her money and a place to stay, so she may have felt overwhelmed and thought that her child would also have a poor life, which may have caused her to commit suicide. When the inspector started to question Mrs. Birling, she did admit to seeing Eva Smith at a Brumleys Women Charity Organisation. Mrs. Birling rejected her from this thought because Eva was going under the name as Mrs. Birling.  I think Mrs. Birling is more to blame than anyone because she could have prevented her from committing suicide when she went for help. Although all characters are responsible, I think Mrs. Birling is guiltier than the others because she could have prevented Eva Smith from committing suicide, by giving her the help that she needed. I mostly think this because Eva did go for help which could have been about the stress she has suffered the last two years.  I think that all characters will go about their normal lives after these events, just trying to forget what had happened.

650 Assingment 5 Example

650 Assingment 5 Example 650 Assingment 5 – Assignment Example 650 Assignment 5 Answer The major proportion of the investments related to the mutual funds comes from al investors including foreign institutional investors, banks and corporate. Apart from the equity schemes of the investors the highest participation is made by the institutional investors. However, retail participation is more towards the equity. From the graphical representation of the mutual fund investors it can be inferred that at the initial stage in 1986 the performance of actively managed equity funds were better than Vanguard 500 Index which took a major dip in 1998. At this point of time the performance of Vanguard 500 Index Fund performance tends to be better. Again within a span of 7-8 years the actively managed equity performance kept Vanguard 500 Index Fund way behind. Thus it can be said that the performance of actively managed stocks has been portraying better rates of return over the years than that of Vanguard 500 Index Fund. Answer 2 Efficient market hypothesis of any company is difficult to test. The consistency of the company can be judged on the basis of the three forms of efficiency, i.e., strong, semi-strong and weak. The strong form of efficiency hypothesis results in fewer evidence of inconsistency. However, the intense of inconsistency grows with semi-strong to weak form of efficiency hypothesis. From the graphical representation it can be assessed that inconsistency prevails over the year. Since the company has not been successful in projecting similar kind of return over the year. But depending on the area where the company has shown strong form of efficiency hypothesis there the extent of consistency prevails. Thus overall both the elements of consistency and inconsistency are observed based on the performance of the company (Jensen, 1978, pp.1-5). Answer 3 The best way of deciding on the equity investment of the 401(k) plans relates to the assets of the company. Initially the company should work towards the contribution plan resulting in paying more emphasis on the asset allocation responsibility of the company. The increase in the defined contribution plan of the company would take care of the supplemental coverage. The asset allocation pattern of the company helps in the estimation of the taking investment decisions. However, the pattern of investment is highly depended on factors like the age and income of the person; as to the investor is willing to concentrate on a equity based portfolio or is keener on the debt based portfolio. Since the investor here is having an equity of around 70%, hence the investment decision has to be taken very tactfully depending upon the companies where the investments has been made. The debt-equity ratio of the comp-any is an important element in assessing the company efficiency and depending on which the decision should be taken. The investment should be made on various sectors so that the stocks of the company are negatively correlated thus yielding higher returns for the portfolio (Uccello, 2000, p.1-6). Reference Jensen M. C., (1978). Some Anomalous Evidence Regarding Market Efficiency. Retrieved from: . Uccello C. E., (2000). 401(k) Investment Decisions and Social Security Reform. Retrieved from: .

Tensile Test Lab Report Essays

Tensile Test Lab Report Essays Tensile Test Lab Report Paper Tensile Test Lab Report Paper Introduction The construction materials course is an essential part of civil engineering as the strength of all structures and constructions depends on the material used. The tension test is one of the laboratories which help students develop their knowledge in this course by practice. During the laboratory a Tinnitus Olsen Tension Test equipment was used, and the test samples were from low and high carbon steel and timber with grains parallel and perpendicular to the load. Test equipment and materials The test equipment used during the laboratory is one of the Penchant Materials Testing Machines made by Tinnitus Olsen. This machine can test different types of materials and it is provided with software which gives the opportunity to users to fully control the system. Machine two different types of attachments: the first is to fix the metal samples, and second is to hold timber samples. The rate of loading can be controlled by the software. Brief comments on differences and similarities in each property for the set of materials From the tables above it can be seen that: * Low-carbon steel has the largest load and stress at elastic limit among all materials * High-carbon steel has the largest maximum load and stress among all materials * High-carbon steel has the largest failure load and nominal failure stress among all materials * Low-carbon steel has the largest true failure load among all materials * All properties is larger for timber with grains parallel to the grain rather than for timber with perpendicular to the grain Graphs Stress-strain or load-extension graphs have a different form depending on the structure of material and of these graphs can be divided to two different regions: elastic deformation and plastic. Elastic deformation occurs in the region where the curve behaves linearly and after the removing the load material will return to its initial shape. When the elasticity ends the plastic region begins. In plastic region strain can increase significantly whereas stress increases with smaller increment. If the unloading happens the curve will fall parallel to the elastic region. The Stress-Strain graphs have the same shape as Load-Extension graphs. To prove that the stress-strain curves were sketched for three different types of metal: low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and aluminum. The data used during plotting the stress-strain graphs is represented in Appendix. The graphs for low- carbon (0. 15%) steel (See Figure 1 2). Figure 2. The stress-strain graph for low-carbon steel It can be seen from the graphs that at the beginning the curve behaves linearly until it reaches approximately 14. Non (See Figure 1). Therefore, this section of the graph can be called the elastic region. Then the plastic region begins, and the curve reaches its maximum point at 15. Ink. After that the load decreases gradually for the bigger increment of extension until the break occurs (at 10. Non). The graphs for High-carbon (0. 4%) steel. Figure 4. The Stress-Strain Graph for High-carbon steel The graph for high-carbon steel is similar to the graph for the low-carbon steel. However, the maximum stress in the graph for high-carbon steel is more by non, and equal to the 19. Non. Also it can be seen that the length of high-carbon steel before the failure is less than for low-carbon steel. The elastic region continues until it reaches 12. Ink, and the plastic region ends when specimen breaks at 16. Ink. The graphs for Aluminum. Figure 6. The Stress-Strain Graph for Aluminum The shape of the curve in the graph is similar to the graphs for the steel. However, it can be noticed that the maximum load for aluminum is much less than for steel. Consequently, the load at elastic limit and fail ure load are also small (5. Ink and 3. Ink respectively). The causes of difference of the graphs will be given in Discussion part. The Figures 7-10 illustrate the tension test for timber samples when the load was applied parallel to the grain. From these graphs it is easy to see that the elastic region is very small for timber. In contrast, the plastic deformation takes the bigger region for the large extension. In addition, the specimens break when the maximum load is applied, and it seems that the failure occurs several times. The cause of this behavior is that all grains do not break at one time. The Figures 11-12 show the load-extension graphs for specimens when the load was applied perpendicular to the grain. It can be seen that the failure occurs at small applied load with comparison to other materials. The elastic regions for these specimens are bigger than for samples parallel to the grain. The extension is very small. The calculation of the mean stress, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and characteristic value The mean stress is the arithmetical average of failure stresses: mom=on 7 Where o is the sum of the failure stresses for timber specimens when the load was applied parallel to the grain, and n is the number of specimens. Amp The standard deviation is the degree of spread about the mean stress and it can be calculated as: so=(o-mom)an (8) Where so is variation, s is the standard deviation and o is the failure stresses. Mama s=9. 44 Amp The coefficient of variation: c=somas 9 The calculated result for coefficient of variation (26. %) for this timber was accurate enough as the coefficient of variation for timber must vary from to 30%. The characteristic stress is: char=mom-KS 10 Where k is the standard deviation multiplication factor, and KS is the margin. There kiss equal to the 1. 64 (1 in 20 failure rate). Discussion Firstly, it was noticed that the properties vary depending on the amount of carbon added to the steel. Adding the carbon increases the strength of steel thereby it makes the steel become more brittle. Therefore, the strain for high- carbon steel is less than for low-carbon one, and the maximum stress of low- carbon steel is less than for high-carbon one. Also as the strain or both low and high carbon steel is more than 5% it can be said that they are ductile materials. Secondly, as the strain for the aluminum specimen is less than 1% it seems that it is brittle material. However, the graphs for brittle materials have a little plastic region or even do not have this region. But there is significant plastic region in the Figure 5. It can be predicted that the main causes of that are the defects in the aluminum specimen and the errors related to the equipment. Thirdly, unlike all other materials the graphs for the timber specimens have upturn before failure. The Figures 7-10 are for the same material as timber with grains parallel to the load; however, these graphs differ from each other. Because all specimens do not have the same structure of grains and have different dimensions, also they can have defects as timber is the natural material. Fourthly, the timber specimens with grains perpendicular to the load are the most brittle among other tested materials. As the grains are not connected strongly the failure load of the specimen is not large. Finally, all of the graphs do not show ideal expectations and the possible sources of error are that the specimens were to fixed properly before the test, the material have the defects (was not homogeneous), reduction of decimal points during calculations and errors of the equipment. Conclusion To sum up, the properties such as elastic limit stress, nominal and true failure stresses, etc. Ere obtained. The graphs of stress versus strain were plotted for each type of metals and the graphs of load versus extension were represented with comments for each specimen. The mean stress, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and characteristic stress were calculated for timber samples with grains parallel to the grain. Also the figures of materials after the allure were sketched. In conclusion, the low-carbon stress is more elastic, and the high-carbon stress is stronger. The timber with grains parallel to the load can hold more load than those with perpendicular.

Marketing strategy and KSFs of Apple Incorporation Dissertation

Marketing strategy and KSFs of Apple Incorporation - Dissertation Example Globalization has posed a major challenge to organizations to manage international business. Technological advancement has pervaded every field and marketing of high-technology products has become a specialized activity. The global economy is driven by technological innovation as the scope of high-technology applications is no longer limited to computers. The high-tech industries are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty as far as the markets, technology and competition which makes the traditional marketing tools unsuitable for these products. Apple Inc. features among the top 50 companies in Business Week in 2006. This is an Independent Research paper (IRP) with the objective of evaluating the marketing strategy and the key success factors (KSF) adopted by Apple Inc. when they were virtually on the verge of closure. Literature review of the existing marketing theories and principles was carried out and the framework for the IRP determined. This IRP is totally based on secondary data collected through academic journals and reputed websites through reputed search engines. The study concludes that the marketing strategy of Apple is based on several factors. They focus on continuous product enhancement and they anticipate and incorporate the customer needs of which even the customers may not be aware of. Over the years they have build a brand image and today they enjoy high brand equity on which they thrive. They have several channels to reach their products to their customers and have been able to build a community of Apple users. Long-range vision of the CEO contributes to its KSFs apart from the brand loyalty and the value they create for the customer. The key success factors of Apple include the long-range vision of the CEO, the brand loyalty, the value they create for the customer and the excel lent customer experience they provide at their stores. The study concludes with recommendations for further research. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for research 2 1.3 Organization of the study 3 2. Literature Review 5 2.1 Marketing strategy 2.1.1 Introduction 5 2.1.2 Product positioning/branding 6 2.1.3 Niche marketing 7 2.1.4 Customer engagement behavior 8 2.2 Theoretical perspectives 2.2.1 Competitive strategy 9 2.2.2 Key Success factors (KSF) 9 2.3 Overview of the computer industry 10 2.4 Overview of Apple Inc 10 3. Research Methodology 12 3.1 Purpose of the research and phenomenon 12 3.2 Research Philosophy 12 3.3 Research Strategy – justification for the chosen method 13 3.4 Data collection 14 3.5 Data Analysis 14 3.6 Limitations of the study 14 4. Findings 4.1 Introduction 16 4.2 Apple’s strategy 4.2.1 Product differentiation strategy 16 4.2.2 Advertising strategy 16 4.2.3 Brand Value 17 4.2.4 Distribution channels 20 4.3 Appleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s KSFs 4.3.1 Apple customer experience 22 4.3.2 Long-range vision 22 4.3.3 Creating value for the customers 22 4.3.4 Technological paradigm 23 4.4 Strategies of competitors 23 5. Discussion on findings 27 5. Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 31 5.2 Learning outcome 32 5.3 Recommendations 32 References 33 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Globalization has posed a major challenge to organizations to manage international business. This requires organizations to have skills, efforts and resources in terms of manpower, financial resources and the capability to handle issues that may arise during the course of international operations. Globalization has led to unlimited competition across nations, cultures and organizations (Faria & Guedes, 2005). Technological advancement has pervaded every field and marketing of high-technology products has become a specialized activity. These require an effective marketing strategy, an understanding of international management of busine ss and knowledge of managing across different cultures. The global economy is driven by technological innovation as the scope of high-technology

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

No topic - Essay Example Novikov says that there has been a decline in the influence on foreign policy by followers of President Roosevelt’s idea of cooperation among all the peace-loving countries. The United States is said to have a mutual concession with England on the world division. This is because United States regards England as the most competent competitor (Spielvogel 609). On the contrary, Kennan is well convinced and argues that the U.S.S.R is doing all that it can to attain global domination. Kennan says that the process of political consolidation in the U.S.S.R has never been completed, and the Kremlin has been predominantly busy with the struggle to secure and make absolute the power gained in November 1917. By the fact that the Soviet Union has kept power for its own, it is not believable that the country will be able to hand power to anyone else. The Soviet Union is profoundly opposed to the western world and hence makes it rival in the global power domination (Spielvogel 609). Both Novikov and Kennan have argued their thoughts and provided facts on their ideas. In this context, it is Novikov whp has been able to make the best case between the two since his argument is better illustrated with facts. He has provided many accomplished facts as compared to Kennan, and his argument seems more

Developing an Integrated Marketing Mix Plan

Developing an Integrated Marketing Mix Plan The fruit juices and juice drinks market sector has enjoyed steady growth up until the last few years. However, the market has now stalled due to the economic recession. Juice drinks are less expensive than fruit juices and this latter segment of the market has consequently grown whilst the fruit juices segment has declined, a trend that is expected to continue for the next few years at least. New product innovation and advertising expenditure are also in decline but in-store promotions are increasing as brands fight for market share. Established brands are paying more attention to the growing childrens market with specially positioned and targeted products. The Food Standards Agency has actively promoted healthier eating and pressurised the drinks industry to do the same. However, tough economic times and unemployment are affecting both consumer confidence and the ability of consumers to finance a healthier eating lifestyle. Even so, there is undoubtedly a market gap for a new brand to exploit. A healthy juice drink aimed at children, for consumption at breakfast time, would have little direct competition, in terms of its brand positioning, and would satisfy the need parents have to monitor their childrens five-a-day intake. Equally, it could also compete effectively in school lunch box market segment, which is an identified growth area. A new brand in this market segment would need a strong brand name and a distinctive brand position that resonates with consumer needs and stands out amongst the plethora of well -known brand names, which include Tropicana and Innocent smoothies. The new brand will also have to spend heavily on promotion during its launch phase to establish a sustainable market share. The promotional plan will need to deploy communications tools such as TV, which can deliver the right audience in sufficient numbers to achieve this goal in the shortest time possible. Other support media, such as online advertising, public relations, and sales promotion, will be required in order to support the TV advertising and extend the coverage and frequency of the promotional campaign. The positioning of the new brand is crucial in relation to all aspects of the marketing mix plan, as is the integration of both these activities and the key communications messages, all of which will help to ensure, as far as it is possible, the success of the new product launch. The market sector consists of two distinct segments, namely fruit juices, which are 100% pure fruit juice and juice drinks, which contain ingredients other than pure fruit, such as water. The value of the market sector in the UK grew in 2010, compared to 2009, with an annual increase of just over 3% to  £3.2 billion (Euromonitor, 2011). However, it only recovered to 2008 levels (Mintel, 2008) following a dip in sales value to  £3.1 billion in 2009 (Mintel, 2010). Whilst both overall volume sales and values have grown steadily in recent years, the effect of consumers trading down, together with a reduction in advertising expenditure and new product innovation and development by all brands, the market sector, in terms of product life cycle, appears to be reaching maturity (Mintel, 2010) see Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Product Life Cycle (Source: adapted from Kotler, 2001, p. 349) 1.2 Sales Trends Fruit Juices Vs Juice Drinks In 2010, there was a notable shift in consumers buying value-for-money juice drinks rather than premium fruit juice products. Volume sales in the fruit juices segment declined whilst the juice drinks segment increased its volume sales by 1% and its value by just over 3% in 2010, compared to 2009 (Euromonitor, 2011). This has resulted in a narrowing of the gap between the volume sales of fruit juices versus juice drinks see Figure 4 below. Mintel (2010) expects this trend to continue to at least 2015. Table 1: Volume Sales Trends Fruit Juices Vs Juice Drinks (Source: Mintel, 2010) 1.3 The Competitive Environment 1.3.1 Fruit Juices The brand leader and dominant player in the fruit juices market sector is Tropicana with an estimated 30% share followed a long way behind by Princes with just 3%. Tropicana has achieved its success through maintaining a balance between its premium brand positioning and a pricing strategy that is both appropriate for a premium brand and sufficiently appealing to consumers. Tropicana also benefits from being the UKs most recognised brand in this market sector (Euromonitor, 2011). Orange remains by far the most popular flavour in the fruit juices market segment accounting for about 58% of total sales volume in 2010 (Bainbridge, 2011). 1.3.2 Juice Drinks The major brands in this market sector are Oasis, Ribena, Capri Sun and Robinsons, which together account for about 50% of all sales. For juice drinks, according to Mintel, blended flavours are the most popular (Bainbridge, 2011). Tropicana has also extended its brand into this sector with its Tropicana Go! product for children. 1.4 Consumer Targeting According to TGI, the fruit juice and juice drink market sector is strongly associated with families with 83%, penetration of those UK households with children aged from five to nine. This is believed to be because parents and housewives in particular, are aware of the perceived health benefits of products in this market (Bainbridge, 2011). In addition, children account for one third of the consumption of all juice drinks (Euromonitor, 2011). 1.5 Media Advertising Expenditure The following three tables detail media advertising expenditure for fruit juices and juice drinks overall, by main monitored brands, and by main monitored products. Date Expenditure 2009/10 Index 2005/06=100 Adspend: Sales  £m Ratio (%) 2005/06 28 100 0.9 2006/07 29 104 0.9 2007/08 30 107 1.0 2008/09 23 82 0.7 2009/10 18 64 0.6 (Note: year is from July-June. Main monitored brands only excludes smoothies). Table 2: Total Overall Media Advertising Spend 2005/06-2009/10 (Source: Nielsen Media Research, 2010) Advertiser 2007/08 2007/08 2008/09 2008/09 2009/10 2009/10 Total Total  £000 %  £000 %  £000 %  £000 % Coca-Cola Great Britain 4,656 16 6,675 29 4,853 27 16,184 23 Britvic Soft Drinks Ltd 8,106 27 3,693 16 2,284 13 14,083 20 PepsiCo Intl Ltd 4,872 17 2,122 9 3,036 17 10,031 14 Ocean Spray Intl Inc 4,457 15 2,053 9 1,846 10 8,355 12 GlaxoSmithKline Plc 2,307 8 1,573 7 989 6 4,869 7 Gerber Foods Intl 1,211 4 1,815 8 1,386 8 4,412 6 Nichols Plc 1,104 4 1,089 5 1,332 7 3,525 5 Rubicon Products Ltd 892 3 1,138 5 411 2 2,441 3 British Sugar Plc 661 2 973 4 633 4 2,267 3 Sunsweet Growers 158 1 132 1 411 2 701 1 Others 1,092 4 1,707 7 610 3 3,409 5 Total 29,516 100 22,971 100 17,791 100 70,278 100 (Note: year is from July-June. Main monitored brands only excludes smoothies). Table 3: Media Advertising Spend by Advertiser 2007/08-2009/10 (Source: Nielsen Media Research, 2010) Brand Advertiser 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 Total Total  £0 %  £0 %  £0 %  £0 % Oasis Drink Coca-Cola 2,260 8 2,676 11 2,135 11 7,071 9 Ocean Spray Cranberry Ocean Sp. 2,235 8 2,604 10 1,751 9 6,590 9 Tropicana Pure Premium PepsiCo 5,129 17 1,134 5 6,264 8 Tropicana Pure Premium Orange PepsiCo 322 1 1,961 8 3,331 17 5,613 8 Capri-Sun Coca-Cola 755 3 674 3 2,521 13 3,950 5 J2O Fruit Drink Britvic 1,659 6 21 2,179 11 3,859 5 Robinsons Fruit Shoot Britvic 2,720 9 348 1 743 4 3,812 5 Vimto Soft Drinks Nichols 1,197 4 1,305 5 1,121 6 3,623 5 Welchs Purple Grape Gerber 341 1 2,230 9 966 5 3,537 5 Robinsons Drink Range Britvic 2,333 8 1,136 5 3,469 5 Others Others 10,416 35 11,000 44 5,390 27 26,806 36 Total 29,367 100 25,089 100 20,138 100 74,594 100 (Note: Main monitored brands only excludes smoothies). Table 4: Media Advertising Spend by Brand 2007-2009 (Source: Nielsen Media Research, 2010) 1.6 Distribution 1.6.1 Off Trade Most off trade sales take place through the large supermarket chains. Tesco sells more fruit juices and juice drinks than any other retail off-trade outlet accounting for around 18% of all sales in 2010 with Asda accounting for just over 11% (Euromonitor, 2011). 1.6.2 On Trade The key on-trade distribution channels in the UK are fast food and other restaurants, plus pubs, bars and clubs, where juices are typically used as mixers. However, the adult  juice  brand J2O is positioned as an alternative to alcohol in pubs, bars, and clubs and is increasing its sales year-on-year (Euromonitor, 2011). 1.7 Price Unit prices vary considerably depending on whether the drink is a fruit juice or a juice drink, and its fruit content if it is a juice drink. In addition, unit price varies according to the products positioning i.e. if it is a premium, supermarket own label standard or budget product. A selection of typical retail prices are shown in the two tables below. Positioning Brand Retail Price Premium Tropicana Orange Fruit Juice 1L  £2.18 Supermarket Own Label Standard Tesco Apple and Mango Fruit Juice 1L Litre  £1.60 Supermarket Own Label Budget Tesco Value Apple Juice 1L  £0.62 Table 5: Fruit Juices Typical Retail Prices (Source: mySupermarket.co.uk, 2011) Positioning Brand Retail Price Premium Prices Cranberry Juice Drink 1L  £1.42 Supermarket Own Label Standard Tesco Exotic Juice Drink 1L  £0.90 Supermarket Own Label Budget Tesco Value Apple Juice Drink 1L  £0.53 Table 6: Juice Drinks Typical Retail Prices (Source: mySupermarket.co.uk, 2011) Unit prices in 2010 were reported as being stable even though some brand owners passed on cost increases associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the euro and the pound. However, this move was counterbalanced by discounting and promotional offers for private label and leading brand in the retail marketplace (Euromonitor, 2011). Generally, consumers were inclined to trade down to  juice drinks from fruit juices, due to price considerations. Whilst the recession undoubtedly encouraged discounting and sales promotions, it is evident that both own labels and leading manufacturers offered discounts and promotions long before the recession actually started. This practice is forecast to be a permanent strategy in the market sector in the future as brands jostle to establish and consolidate their competitive positions in an increasingly price sensitive market (Euromonitor, 2011). 1.8 The Macro Environment PESTEL Analysis Organisations can examine their external macro-environment by using the PESTEL analysis framework (Gillespie, 2007). A PESTEL analysis for the fruit juices and juice drinks market sector appears below: Political This refers to any government policy that may cause an intervention in the marketplace. In 2004, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) in the UK stated that it had a mission to convince consumers to adopt healthier food options for a healthier lifestyle. The FSA also required that the food and drinks industry support it in trying to achieve its aims (Food Standards Agency, 2004). The FSA suggested that organisations should include healthy eating strategies for their customers as part of their overall corporate social responsibility programmes rather than simply as a marketing tactic. In addition, the government has promoted healthier eating through an increased intake of fruit and vegetables with its 5-a-day campaign. This has been successful with 74% of those consumers questioned claiming they were aware of the campaign and nearly 60% having taken some action as a direct result of being exposed to the campaign (Food Standards Agency, 2008). Economic This includes such factors as interest rates, taxation changes, economic status and growth prospects, inflation, and exchange rates. Interest rates remain at an all time low with correspondingly low mortgage servicing costs for the majority of homeowners. However, unemployment, together with the threat of unemployment, is negatively affecting consumer confidence, which, in turn, is causing middle-income consumers to trade down higher priced, premium and luxury products (Warc, 2010). Social and Cultural This covers social and cultural trends that can affect consumer demand. There is a noticeable trend towards healthier eating habits in the UK. The importance of this to brands owners and marketers was highlighted in the Health of Britain Survey conducted in 2008 when Giles Quick from the research company, TNS Worldpanel UK said: It is unlikely that we will ever put health before taste, but brands that manage to combine great taste with practicality as well as a positive health proposition, are in an ideal position to win full marks from the consumer'(Quick, p. 3, 2008) Technological This looks at how new technologies can help create new products and new processes. The ubiquitous internet and the growth of mobile electronic communications devices will have an increasing influence over the way in which consumers interact with, and buy, brands, products, and services (Ericssson White Paper, 2011) Environmental Includes the weather and climate change and how these may affect the marketplace. Global warming and climate change are affecting the UK inasmuch as climatologists expect a generally warmer climate in the future. This may result in consumers drinking more water and, equally they drink more fruit juices and juice drinks (just-drinks, 2011). Legal This includes the legal framework within which the organisation and its competitors operate. There are currently no legal issues that may affect the market. 2.0 Identification of the Market Opportunity 2.1 Rationale for the Market Opportunity As has been seen from the analysis in Part 1.0, the ongoing economic difficulties in the UK have caused consumers in the market sector to trade down from fruit juices to juice drinks. This has been borne out by volume sales figures showing a decrease in fruit juice sales and an increase in juice drink sales over the last three years with the trend forecast to continue to at least 2015 (Euromonitor, 2011). However, fruit juices and juice drinks targeting children have seen their volume sales increase. For example, in 2010, Innocent saw sales of its childrens Wedge Cartons grow and subsequently launched a new product for children, Pure  Fruit  Squeezies, designed as a snack to go in childrens school lunchboxes. Feel Good Drinks for Kids and Tropicana Go! were also launched to target the school lunchbox market (Euromonitor, 2011). For juice drinks, breakfast time is when 50% of all such drinks are consumed (Euromonitor, 2011). All fruit juice and juice drinks, even if they contain no added sugar, contain natural fruit sugar. Consequently, for children, it is especially important that they consume juice drinks at mealtimes, such as at breakfast, as this is less likely to damage their teeth than if they sip at juice drinks during the day (Food Standards Agency, 2011). Equally, parents can monitor their childrens intake of juice drinks at breakfast and ensure that they clean their teeth afterwards before they go to school. In addition, parents are becoming increasingly aware of the need to provide a healthy diet for their children and this message is being actively promoted by government through the Food Standards Agency (2004). Research by Euromonitor (2011) has identified a specific market gap for products targeted at children and believes that brands in this marketplace need to strengthen their five-a-day mess ages. 2.2 Defining the Market Opportunity The gap in the market, therefore, is defined as: A high fruit content (50%), healthy juice dink for children to consume at breakfast as part of their five-a-day needs. 2.3 Competition Competition for such a product will come primarily from those brands that have developed, and successfully marketed, products specifically aimed at children. The identified competitors in this respect are: Innocents childrens wedge cartons and Pure  Fruit  Squeezies, Feel Good Drinks For Kids Tropicana Go! 3.0 Marketing Mix Plan 3.1 Marketing Objectives To generate sales worth  £120 million within 12 months of launch. To achieve a 4% share of the overall fruit juice and juice drinks market sector within 12 months of launch. 3.2 Marketing Strategy 3.2.1 Launch Strategy According to accepted marketing theory, for a new product launch in a competitive and price sensitive marketplace, such as for fruit juices and juice drinks, a brand needs to build consumer awareness quickly and achieve rapid market penetration to establish itself successfully (Kotler, 2001, p.355). Consequently, it is proposed to launch the new juice drink product using a rapid penetration strategy, which is one of four identified strategies for a new product launch- see figure 2 below: Figure 2: Marketing Strategies in the Introduction Stage (Source: adapted from Kotler, 2001, p.355) The rapid penetration strategy involves launching the new product at a relatively low price, compared to competitor products, with heavyweight promotional support in order to achieve the fastest possible market penetration and to gain the highest possible market share. This is a sensible strategy in a market with a number of established competitors where a new, and by definition, unknown brand has no consumer awareness. It is also a strategy more likely to succeed where there is price sensitivity in the market, as there is for fruit juices and juice drinks. In terms of cost, then the unit manufacturing cost falls with the volume production scale and with accumulated production experience (Kotler, 2001, p.356). 3.2.2 Competitive Position There are four basic competitive positions that the new product could adopt as follows: Market Leader Market Challenger Market Follower Market Nicher As this is a new product launch targeted at a segment of the overall market, which, although relatively immature, has some established players, it is proposed that the product is positioned as a Market Challenger. This competitive market positioning is relatively high-risk but also high-gain and helps to build a sustainable competitive advantage (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010) 3.2.3 Analysing Competitors The fruit juices and juice drinks market sector is characterised by intense competition between organisations, many of which now operate on a global scale. In view of this, even though the main competitors have been identified, it is crucial that the new brand gains a detailed insight into the nature of these competitors if it is to consolidate its long-term competitive position following its launch (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005, p. 223). According to Kotler and Keller (2006) there are a number of strategic steps that need to be undertaken in order analyse competitor actions in the marketplace. See Figure 3 on the next page. Figure 3: Strategic Steps in Analysing Competitor Actions In the case of the proposed new product, with its Market Challenger position, it is proposed that all fruit juice and juice drink brands competing within its market segment are attacked -see 3.2.3 Brand Positioning below. However, the brand needs to constantly monitor and evaluate the activities of its competitors. 3.3 Product Strategy 3.3.1 Product Specification A blended*, high fruit-content (50%) juice drink with no added sugar or colouring available from the soft drinks section of the supermarket (not chilled). * Actual flavour blend to be determined through research and pre-testing with consumer sample. 3.3.2 Brand Name The proposed brand name is START! The product targeted at children will be called START! for Kids. This name is intended to help position the brand as a product for consumption at the start of the day i.e. at breakfast. It is also a short and memorable name, which will help the product to stand out in a crowded marketplace and will also help facilitate the establishment of the brand in the consumer consciousness. In addition, the brand name has connotations of a healthy start to the day for kids. The brand name START! is also not exclusively for children and lends itself to extensions into other market segments, such as for the adult market. 3.3.3 Brand Positioning Positioning a brand has been described as an attempt by a business to influence the way in which consumers perceive and behave towards that brand in the marketplace (Perreault and McCarthy, 1999). For example, a brand could position itself to appeal to a particular consumer segment by promoting a particular attribute of the brand that would appeal to that segment (Pechmann and Ratneshwar, 1991). The following two figures illustrate the proposed brand positioning for the new product. High Price Juice Drink Pure Fruit Squeezie Childrens Wedge Fruit Juice/ Smoothie s START! For Kids Low Price Figure 4: START! Brand Positioning Childrens Fruit Juice/Juice Drinks Price per 100 ml/100 g and Pure Fruit Juice Content School Break Times Juice Drink Pure Fruit Squeezie and Childrens Wedge Fruit Juice/ Smoothie START! For Kids Breakfast Figure 5: START! Brand Positioning Childrens Fruit Juice/Juice Drinks Price and Consumption Time 3.3.4 Packaging The packaging will be a Tetra Classic Aseptic pack in two pack sizes 100 ml and 200 ml (Tetra Pak Website, 2010). This is to enable it to be used primarily as a breakfast drink in (200 ml size) and secondarily as a snack drink (in 100 ml size) at school break times. The tetra pack is easy to drink from and is also easy to pour into a cup or glass. The pack is also stable on the kitchen counter and on the school desk. See Appendix I. For retail distribution, the individual packs will be sold in rectangular multi-packs of 10 for the 100 ml and 5 for the 200 ml. The rectangular packaging will assist ease of display and stacking in the retail environment 3.4 Distribution Strategy In line with the rapid market-penetration strategy, the product will be sold though all supermarket chains and convenience stores in the UK with a heavy intensity. In view of the target audience, it will not be sold through the on-trade. The product will only be available for retail sale in multi-packs at the prices shown in Table7 on the next page. 3.5 Pricing Strategy Unit prices in the market segment are currently stable and subject to discounting on promotion (Euromonitor, 2011). The rapid market penetration strategy determines that the pricing strategy for START! will be highly competitive and challenging to the market leader and to other brands in the market segment. Brand/Product Retail Pack Size Price per 100 ml/ 100 g Lowest Retail price per pack START! For Kids 5 x 200 ml  £0.20  £2.00 START! For Kids 10 x 100 ml  £0.22  £2.22 Tropicana Go! 4 x 200 ml  £0.25  £2.00* Feel Good Drinks For Kids 1 x 400 ml  £0.32  £1.27* Innocent Childrens Wedge cartons 4 x 180 ml  £0.41  £2.92* Innocent Pure  Fruit  Squeezies 6 x 40g  £0.83  £2.00* Table 7: Retail prices for START! and Competitor Products (*Source: mysupermarket.co.uk, 2011) 3.6 Consumer Segmentation and Targeting Kotler, (2001, p.286) suggests that consumer markets can generally be segmented in three ways as shown below for the new product: Socio-demographics Primary: Housewives with school age children from 4 to 11, male and female. Secondary: The children themselves. Psychographics families with a healthy lifestyle or intending to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Behavioural factors Parents of children who have a positive attitude to the benefits of a healthy diet. 3.7 Marketing Communications Strategy 3.7.1 Marketing Communications Budget The average advertising spend to sales ratio over the last five years has been 0.82%. In order to achieve the marketing objectives stated and implement the rapid market penetration strategy it is proposed that the budget for the first year for START! For Kids be set at double this ratio i.e. 1.6%. This will result in an advertising budget of  £1.92 million. A summary of the overall marketing communications budget by activity appears in appendix II 3.7.2 Marketing Communications Tools According to Kotler (2001), there are five main categories of marketing communications tools:- Advertising Sales Promotion Public Relations Personal Selling Direct marketing 3.7.3 Marketing Communications Tools Characteristics/Objectives According to Fills 4Cs model (2002), the five main communications tools, are characterised by four principal dimensions: Communications Impact Credibility Costs Control See Figure 6 on the next page, which shows how these dimensions apply to the various component of the communications mix. Figure 6: Fills 4Cs Model As has already been established, START! needs to gain rapid penetration through the use of high impact promotional activity that delivers a large audience within the identified consumer segment. In view of the target audience definition, and the need to create high levels of product acceptance, it is proposed that the consumer promotional activity includes a mix of tools including advertising, sales promotion and public relations. 3.7.4 Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) The concept of IMC was acclaimed by Moriarty (1994) as being one of the most significant developments in the marketing communications business in the 1990s. Kotler first discussed IMC back in 1997 but it was not until 2003 that defined the concept thus: Integrated marketing communication is a concept according to which the company integrates and coordinates its communication channels to send a message clearly, consistently and convincingly about the organization and its product (Kotler, P, 2003, p. 672). Fills promotional planning framework (2006, pp.174-176) summarises all the aspects of the marketing communications planning process see Figure 7 below. Fill categorises the tasks achieved by communications activity into three areas namely, Push, Pull, and Profile, as follows:- Push The activity is pushed from the product provider to the supply chain intermediaries to help develop relationships. Pull The activity is from the product provider to the end consumer to generate a call to action either a purchase or an enquiry. Profile The product provider implements a mix of communications strategies to build brand reputation with all of its target audiences. Figure 7: Fills Promotional Planning Framework (Source: Fill, 2006, pp.174-176) If a formally structured approach to marketing communications planning, such as that detailed above, is not followed there is a risk that the goals and strategy of the marketing communications plan will not link to the high-level corporate goals, or to the marketing goals of t

From Innocence to Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye Essay -- Catcher

From Innocence to Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye      Ã‚   Adolescence is a time of existence in two worlds. One world having the desire to be in the adult world, which is filled with all the unknown wonders of the world. The other world is the world of childhood which is comfortable and protected from all the impurities in the world.   This sort of tug of war between the two worlds is not only mentally imposed on a being, but physically, socially, and morally as well.   With all the mentioned above, often times an adult will discourage an action of an adolescent by saying they are too old to a act a certain way, and then will turn around and say they are too young to do something, like go out late or go on dates.   These contradictions can lead an adolescent to complete uncertainty of their actions.   J.B. Salingers book, The Catcher in the Rye, aptly describes the immense confusion of the in between stages of being a boy and a man.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the whole story, the narrator, Holden tries to act both the boy and thw man but cannot.   He tries in vain to get a grip on the adult world, but never is quite successful.   Holden's first attempt at adulthood is exemplified when he leaves his school without permission from his parents or the school.   This act in itself sets the stage for his trial and error attitude about adulthood in the sense he failed out of school, which was a childish act.   He tries to rectify his failing out of school by leaving, which he views as an adult act. Holden's leaving school represents his need for independence and he achieves this by leaving.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another of Holden's failed attempts at ... ... In The Rye". English Journal. 77.7 (1988): 72-75. Kaplan, Robert B. Cliff's Notes: Catcher In The Rye. Lincoln: Cliff's Notes, Inc., 1999. Marsden, Malcolm M. If You Really Want To Know: A Catcher Casebook. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1963. Miller Jr., James E. "American Literature". World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 1. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1983. Pinsker, Sanford. The Catcher In The Rye: Innocence Under Pressure. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Roemer, Danielle M. "The Personal Narrative and Salinger's Catcher in the Rye". Western Folklore 51 (1992): 5-10. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher In The Rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1951. Wildermuth, April. "Nonconformism in the Works of J.D. Salinger." 1997 Brighton High School. 24 November 1999.   

Beer Wars-Documentary Review Essay

Introduction Beer Wars was a very eye-opening documentary. It was interesting to see how the market share of the largest beer company, Anheiser-Busch, has grown throughout the years. In 1965, Anheiser-Busch had a meager market share of twelve percent. As marketing on television grew in popularity, Anheiser-Busch’s market share grew as well. By 1985, Anheiser-Busch’s market share had grew to thirty-seven percent. By 2005, Anheiser-Busch’s market share had grown to an enormous forty-nine percent. This was very shocking to me that one company could control almost one-half of the market share of a $97 billion industry. Also, in 1985, the other two largest beer makers, Miller and Coors, made up about twenty-six percent of the market share. Thus, in 2005, major beer companies made up seventy-five percent of the beer sales in the United States. Which tells us that craft breweries only had twenty-five percent of the market share. How the Large Got/Stay Large In the beginning, all beers were craft beers, until the big three companies wanted to grow, and grow they did. Unfortunately, as the three largest beer companies in the United States grew, the beer-drinking public that was buying their beer were actually the people who were suffering. The reason that I say this is because of the way the large beer manufacturers got to this point. The large beer manufacturers were not very concerned about the quality of their beers as much as they were about the number of sales that were created. The way that the large beer companies did this was through their advertising campaigns. The large beer companies were/are millions and millions of dollars during different sporting functions and on every day television. Beer Wars told us that, on average, there is about $1. 5 billion spent on advertising by the large beer companies every single year. That number is astounding to me, considering how popular their beers are. I think if they were to cut back their advertisements by about 50%, they would still maintain a stranglehold on the beer market in the United States. Another way that large beer companies tend to stay on top of the market is through shelf space at different locations. The large beer companies tend to make many different varieties of beers and thus are afforded more space on the shelves and local markets and liquor stores. This leaves a very small area for craft beers to be displayed, especially when it is very difficult to determine if a beer is a craft beer or made by one of the large beer companies. I will talk more about this later in the discussion. Why Light is King The large beer companies tend to market light lager beers, and for good reason. About eighty-five percent of the beer consumed in the United States is light lager. So, Miller Lite, Coors Light and Bud-Light are very good money makers for the large beer companies. I would not blame the companies for pushing and selling what the people want, or is this what people want? Craft Beer Facts Well, craft beers haven’t fully caught on in the beer markets. NPR. org tells us that craft beers only make up about five percent of the total beer market. According to NPR. org, there are currently over two thousand breweries in the United States. Of those two thousand, about 1,950 of those breweries are considered craft beer breweries. That’s another very interesting point. Ninety-five percent of the breweries in the United States are brewing about five percent of the beer that is sold in the United States. That really doesn’t seem right, but NPR. org goes on to tell us that in order to be a craft brewery, the breweries cannot brew more than 6 million barrels of beer every year. According to texaswatchdog. org, Anheiser-Busch alone brewed over one hundred million barrels of beer in 2011. That is an amazingly large amount of beer for one company to sell. This also tells us that the hope is not nearly lost for craft brewers. If all of the 1,950 craft brewers produced only ? million barrels of beer each year, they could easily cripple the large beer manufacturers with an influx of 975 million barrels of beer flooding the marketplace. But, the vast majority of craft brewers would never want to do that. The Craft Beer Way The craft brewers in the United States and around the world have a completely different take on what it means to brew beer. Dogfish Head craft beer was said to only have . 0002% of the market share of beer sales in the United States. According to brewersassociation. org, Dogfish Head craft beer ranked 12th in the nation in 2011, based upon the number of sales for a craft brewery. That is truly amazing, how a company ranked 12th in the whole country in craft beer sales still only has . 0002% of the total market share of the beer industry. However, the owner of the company said that he would never want to grow like the large beer companies have. He is more concerned about each and every bottle of beer being the best beer possible, rather than worrying too much about how many cases he is able to send out the door. As a whole, craft beer makers try to capture their piece of the market through differentiation of their products and not through advertising like the large beer companies. Craft beer makers still try to do new and interesting things with beer, but they do their best not to lose focus on the most important factor, a good quality brew. Spreading the News Beer Wars told us that one event that allows craft breweries to get their name out to the public is the great American beer festival. This is an event where brewers go to from all over the world for people to sample and try different beers that the craft brewers make. This is a great way for the small breweries to get their name out to the market. Unfortunately, Beer Wars told us that even the large beer companies are starting to attend this event. Large Feeling the Effects The large beer companies have now started feeling the effects of small craft beers in the marketplace. According to brewerassociation. org, craft brew beer sales have increased from about one percent to about six percent of market share in the past fifteen years. This is the only portion of the beer industry to have any sign growth in that timeframe. Once again, the large beer companies are using their financial advantage to combat this trend. Anheiser-Busch has gone out and purchased several small beer company names and have been selling them as craft beers, where in fact they are mass produced at one of many Anheiser-Busch’s factories. Another way that large beer companies are flexing their monetary muscles is through lawsuits. Beer Wars described how one craft brewer was being sued by Anheiser-Busch for using a name that the brewer had used for years. The problem with this is that Anheiser-Busch had not been using that name for very long. Another issue with this is that craft brewers do not have the financial means to be able to hold off many lawsuits from large beer manufacturers. The reason that this is difficult for craft beer makers is the fact that funding for craft breweries is very hard to come by. Usually investors either invest in very large ventures or very small ventures. Most of the time, craft beer makers are somewhere in the middle as far as their funding needs go. Because of this oddity, gaining funds for the production facilities for a craft brewery is very hard to obtain through normal financing. Political Issues Some of the other challenges for the craft beer manufacturers is found in Washington, D. C. Beer Wars tells us that beer lobbyists are one of the most powerful group of lobbyists in Washington. The main focus of these lobbyists is ensuring that the three-tier system of distribution is held intact. The three-tier distribution system basically splits up the beer manufacturers, the beer distributors and the beer retailers. This rule was put in after prohibition to make sure that beer sales would be fair across all persons involved. Basically, so the large beer makers couldn’t prevent others from getting their product onto store shelves. Unfortunately, this is exactly what is happening. Distributors tend to lend favor to the large beer companies, because they are paid by how much beer they deliver, and as we saw from Beer Wars, the large beer manufacturers still control that volume of beer sales. So, when the distributors are putting the beer on the shelves of the retailer, they will basically give the large beer companies whatever kind of shelving presence that they desire, basically because they are getting incentivized to do so. I definitely think that the three-tier system needs to be looked at and revamped to meet the needs of today’s marketplace. Conclusion Overall, this documentary was a very interesting look into the beer manufacturer marketplace. I never realized before how devious the large beer manufacturers are when it comes to protecting their market share. With both the lawsuits over naming rights and the basic control of beer distributors, it’s amazing that any craft beer makers even stand a chance of holding any portion of market share. I believe that the large beer manufacturers are scared of what could happen very quickly if they do not do something to respond to the expanding requirements for quality beer in the marketplace. This documentary definitely made me change my mind on how I thought about craft beers. I always figured it was just some fad that would eventually fade away. I see now that this is not the case at all. Craft brews are just being produced to give the marketplace a much higher quality, even if they have to pay a little more. I have a much greater respect for craft beer manufacturers. I would hope to someday be able to brew my own beer just to see how fulfilling it can be. I will definitely start drinking more craft beers because of this documentary. References (Other Than Beer Wars) 1. â€Å"BREWERS ASSOCIATION RELEASES TOP 50 BREWERIES IN 2011. † Brewers Association. Brewers Association, 17 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 2. Chappell, Bill. â€Å"U. S. Craft Beer Brewers Thrive, Despite Small Share Of The Market. † NPR. org. NPR, 18 May 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 3. Lisheron, Mark. â€Å"Anheuser-Busch InBev Roars against Craft Breweries Bill in Texas Legislature. † Texas Watchdog | Investigating Government Waste, Fraud and.

Technology In The Industrial Revolution Essay - 1174 Words

Technology In The Industrial Revolution Changes in the way people worked, the reformation of social class structure, the concepts that people had about social classes, and the modified international balance of political power were all attributes of the Industrial Revolution. The Revolutions radical changes effected the human experience in both negative and positive means. One aspect that had a positive significant impact on the Revolution was the advancement in technology. Exactly when the development of industry began can be answered according to different definitions of industry. Industry may be viewed in terms of energy use. The Industrial Revolution may have begun when people stopped using human and animal power, and†¦show more content†¦England began to establish a new form of industrial technology which worked simultaneously with industrial growth. Previous to the Industrial Revolution, from 1700 to 1760, industry grew only 0.7 percent. Later when the Revolutio n was at its height, between 1801 and 1831 industry grew 3 percent (McKay 729). There were two key inventions that had a huge impact on the Industrial Revolution. John Kay, an English engineer invented the flying shuttle. They flying shuttle was a machine that made cotton workers capable of weaving much faster. Kay received the patent for the flying shuttle on May 26, 1733. Thirty-one years late in 1764, an English carpenter name James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. This machine multiplied the amount of yarn produced. The only setback was that the spinning jenny produced only one type of yarn needed for weaving (Bruno 158). Then another inventor, Richard Arkwright, made the water frame. This invention made it possible to produce the other type of yarn needed and required much waterpower. The new spinning machine that Arkwright invented was made of a frame, which was too large and too expensive to fit in a small cottage. 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