Do You Know the Different Regions of the US

Analysis Of Stephen Crane s A Mystery Of Heroism Essay

Thuan Le Mrs. Jaspard English 3P 28 April 2016 Realism in Stephen Crane. When a conflict between two powers reaches its peak, the war becomes inevitable. This usually leads to the change in roles among men and women. Men turn into soldiers and women turn into field nurses. . Living under critical conditions, one could die easily just by walking out the street or starving to death due to uncontrollable hysteria. In such situations, one could truly reveal his personality by either saving themselves or other individuals. .For that reason, Stephen Crane’s short story â€Å"A Mystery of Heroism† portrays the hidden heroism act that revolves around the main character, Collins. Through the challenges and problems that Collins encounters , Crane exemplifies the belief that war is cruel and meaningless. From the beginning , Crane shows us war is all about destruction, demolition and nothing more but blood. He does this by introducing a character named Fred Collins, who is described as an ordinary soldier who knows nothing about the purpose of the war. In the story, the character is going through a mysterious battle where shells and bullets fire endlessly. In this battle, the bodies of many young soldiers appear to be dead. In addition, the field is endlessly being filled up with the flowing blood. The author characterizes the scene by saying, â€Å" A lieutenant of the battery rode down and passed them, holding his right arm carefully in his left hand.† This quote expresses an irony whichShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-PermanenceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Outsourcing Buisness Function In Buisness †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Outsourcing Buisness Function In Small Buisness? Answer: Introducation The common trend utilised in todays small business is outsourcing which is used for improving one or several areas in the business for smooth functioning. The term outsourcing can be defined as a practice or task provided for a company by another company which can be in form of manufacturing any product or service. It can also be termed as a process of delegating business processes to a firm which performs the given work outside the business area and manages the same according to the agreed criterion. It involves in getting service from outside business or organisation and requires sharing internal information with others. The main reason behind outsourcing is to reduce costs and provide flexibility in service or offered product along with enhanced quality(Anon., 2017). Few examples of small business firms who mostly outsource its business are management consultants, lawyers, small manufacturers, restaurants and universities. The outsourcing process can sometimes prove to be complex and consumes lot of time which delay in providing potential benefits to the owners. Although the rate of outsourcing had been increasing in the last decade, still there are few business owners who does not consider in having involved with others into their business. (Smith, 2012)This research will analyse and review the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business function in small business and will provide necessary arguments along with conclusions made. Literature Review In any business strategy outsourcing has become a common practice whether business is small or big. Many companies have started to outsource some of its works to others which was earlier performed by them(Iqbal, 2013). With its demand and increase it has been a common topic in the literature and reasons behind it have been identified by researchers. Although outsourcing is been successfully achieved by many companies, still there are significant risks that can be recognised if not outsourced properly. In any business, decisions regarding outsourcing are made after getting motivated due to several factors and reasons behind it.(Yeboah, 2013) The three major types of motivation for outsourcing is cost saving, strategic planning and politics of the country. The first two reasons are commonly faced by small business. Outsourcing for cost curtail takes place when suppliers costs after delivering services are still lower than the present cost even after adding profit, overhead and transact ion costs. (Kremic, 2006) The owners of small business require strategic management which enables them to expand their business and for that reason requires a team for management. By outsourcing some of its managerial part, it can get proper assistance without hiring full time management staff. Although there are many examples of possible savings that small businesses expects to recognize with outsourcing, but there is no assurance of getting expected savings(Kahrovi?, 2015). There are evidences which shows cost cutting sometimes have been overestimated and costs gone even higher. Therefore, to review the topic precisely, academic theory and research literature had been utilised which can provide assistance to small business owners and their advisors. Project Objective The main objective for outsourcing is that it reduces overall costs and saves the money in small business firms. There are many other benefits also like providing labour, information technology consultant, digital communication, financial consultants, change in product instantly, etc. Though there are many ways of resourcing, the reasons behind it may also be various. In any company constant improvement is very essential or else it may become outdated. Thus by involving outer source, which is also latest, will help in focussing overall improvement. The capability of small entrepreneurs can become inadequate if not accessed properly and according to world class capabilities. (Syluancia, 2009)The releasing of internal resources for other major purposes may provide business a scope for improvement and increase in time efficiency function which can be easily done by outsourcing some of its work to other companies. With maximising the use of outside resources, the company also shares risk s with the associated company and thus reduces risk concentration. Although there are many reasons for outsourcing, before implementing it, companies must make sure of all the workings and find out if they are able to fulfil the desired goals as it may result in companys failure since outsourcing involves few drawbacks also.(Riley, 2010) Project Scope Scope of utilizing outsourcing in small business is increasing day by day as people are getting more attracted on value added services in house and are more focussed to strategic management to maximise the use of its internal capability. It can be utilized in all kinds of businesses, for example in IT enabled service, outsourcing can provide services like financial consultants, advertising, courier service, customer support service, etc. (Pine, 2017)Another fine example of outsourcing in small business which is utilised nowadays commonly is outsourcing in restaurants since they are highly depended on collaborative effort for performing high quality customer service and successful outcome. Training of employees, kitchen etiquettes, introducing new and innovative recipes, appointing high quality staff, efficient customer service, interior designing of sitting area, market strategy, etc. are few areas which are outsourced in a restaurant business(Zeif, 2007). For any businessman it is v ery difficult to be good at everything. A confident business person may lack knowledge of cooking or a highly skilled chef may not be aware of marketing policies. Also services like door delivery and menu making requires a team who specializes in that category. Thus after recognising problems in a restaurant it can be said that outsourcing is the only way in which it can enrich its overall business. Advantages Of Outsourcing In small business by outsourcing particular work to other companies or agencies by using Agency Theory can help in engaging more experts to the firm and increase in efficiency by improving performance.(Sonfield, 2014) As more people get engaged, things work faster. This is also an important reason for small business to outsource as it tends them to grow up into big entity in shorter time. If a company is working with limited number of employees, the work becomes time consuming. If it is outsourced with external agencies or freelancers the time taken will be reduced. Self liberty is enhanced by passing on opinionated tasks which enables the owner to concentrate in reinforcement of the core development of the business. Thus enables owner to focus on other important matters. In small business, the capability to realise risks is not much and sometimes can result in its shutting down. With the help of Economy of Information Theory, the owner can assign certain practice or function to expe rts of respective fields(Sonfield, 2014). Business might get benefitted from their expertise and reduce probable risks and can also get helped in sharing risks in related areas. In businesses like logistics and fast food restaurants in busy cities, it demands night services; outsourcing can prove very efficient as the business is carried on even when the owner is not present on the spot all the time. It might facade initial problems, but with the flow can bring extensive difference to the business. Utilising Core Competencies Theory is another effective way to enhance small business as outsourcing work to online websites, specialist freelancers and advisors provides lot of assistance in making plans for management and is mostly used for getting business managed strategically. It also saves lot of time and reduces cost of hiring special person for it and hence simplifies the work management. The Social Exchange Theory is another important theory which can be applied into small busine ss. It brings in sharing of resources which can be tangible or material, and involves human interaction. With its help association is made and interconnectivity among similar business is increased thereby helping each other at the time of needs. The use of Evolutionary Economics Theory is another outsourcing advantage which company can take use of in which reduction of labour costs, taxes and the overall cost of production is enabled and applied. (Konstantopoulos, 2014) Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Along with several advantages of outsourcing, there are few disadvantages also which should be considered while taking decision about implementing it. The most significant is that it results in loosing few areas of control. By delegating works to external agencies, the owner loses control on the performance of work. There is a great chance of fall back if the hired agency is suspicious. Thus becomes very crucial on the management part to tread cautiously. Big outsourcing agencies can sometimes asks small business owners to make contracts and sign lengthy agreements with fine print. If not read properly before signing, it may result in getting ripped off and end at getting adverse effects(Riggins, 2017). Normally lots of hidden costs are included in outsourcing business which is needed to be recognised carefully by small business owners. While outsourcing areas in internal management, personal data is required to be shared with outsiders that can lead to risk of safekeeping of data an d increases security risks. Also the result product or service can sometimes lack quality as freelancers or external agencies may get motivated for profit making rather than high-quality job which results in reduced quality control. There are chances of delay in work also with increase in difficulties to synchronize time schedules with external sources which results in not attaining the product in desired timeline(Mol, 2009). Another disadvantage which a business may face from outsourcing is losing public morale. Although it is not common with all countries or in all sectors, still there are chances that outsourcing from foreign countries may not be taken positively and result in backlash.(Bucki, 2017) Example Of Outsourcing In Small Buisness In relation to the small business outsourcing, restaurants are good examples which can be taken for further understanding of the research. In restaurants, owners cannot do everything like cooking, cleaning, laundry, accounts maintenance, delivery, etc. Thus outsourcing becomes essential for hiring outside party to do the job rather than hiring full time staff for it. There are few areas which are normally outsourced in restaurants. In restaurants, dish rags, waiters coat, chefs apron, table cloth etc. are few types of laundry which requires industrial strength cleaning. In order to ensure clean uniform service, it hires laundry service rather than putting entire effort on it. Kitchen maintenance is another important area of outsourcing in which cleanliness of the kitchen is ensured. While getting food out of it, the kitchen area needs to be clean and remain tidy along with detailed cleaning done three or four times a year in few areas like chimney, kitchen hood and behind the stoves. By hiring a professional maintenance company, the requirement of hiring extra staff for cleaning purpose is saved along with getting professional aid.(Mealey, 2016) Advertising about restaurant is very necessary to attract customers which can be done by hiring professional advertisers who can create exclusive hoardings and banners for restaurants in innovative ways. In todays business, before selecting a company, customers do a detailed study of the company with the help of online websites. Similarly in restaurants, customers prefer looking at the menu or type of food offered before visiting it. For this, owners can outsource its web service to the professional website agencies and online available sites to make information reach to its customers. Although there are many restaurants that specializes in online services like MC Donalds, KFC, Subway and Dominos, still it would always be better to outsource advertising part to other websites also. To hire Professional accountant is ano ther advantage of outsourcing business as it helps in saving business money from taxes and other hidden costs. Since professionals gain more knowledge about country laws and regulations, they may get ways and methods to save money from tax exemptions without hampering business ethics.(Sherman, 2015) Conclusion After making a brief study about outsourcing, it is clear that without outsourcing, small business cannot gain consideration and development. It has become core in small business which has to be accepted by entrepreneurs. But due to some consequences, it requires deep concentration before selecting the right service provider and according to business needs. Each advantage mentioned in the review can help in the growth of the business. The proprietors are freed for reinvesting their time and force into their concern instead of getting upset about the services that have been outsourced. Even there are few risks involved; outsourcing eventually offers the owners many advantages. It helps in building of a team of skilled professionals and advisors without adding any expense of full time staff along with quick work completion.(Pellicelli, 2012) Thus by analysing probable risks and success realisation from outsourcing, it can be said that it is an inevitable method which can prove to be fl ourishing only if carried with great concern. Advantage which outsourcing carries are higher than its disadvantage which makes it more successful process in small business and is increasing day by day. References: Anon., 2017. Company Outsourcing Literature Review. [Online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/dissertation/examples/business/company-outsourcing.php [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Bucki, J., 2017. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing in Business. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-outsourcing-2533662 [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Iqbal, Z., 2013. Outsourcing: A Review of Trends, Winners Losers and Future Directions. [Online] Available at: https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_8_Special_Issue_July_2013/9.pdf [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Kahrovi?, B.K.a.E., 2015. BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING As a tool for Improving enterprise efficiency. [Online] Available at: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/212935/2/3.pdf [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Konstantopoulos, A.V.a.N., 2014. Models referring to outsourcing theory. [Online] Available at: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042815012999/1-s2.0-S1877042815012999-main.pdf?_tid=16522228-7ff3-11e7-8a03-00000aab0f01acdnat=1502606948_ca78cda2378159cd6ac5472934b4be0e [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Kremic, T., 2006. Outsourcing decision support: a survey of benefits, risks, and decision factors. [Online] Available at: https://ankara.lti.cs.cmu.edu/11780/sites/default/files/Outsourcing-Survey.pdf [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Mealey, L., 2016. Five Things to Outsource in Your Restaurant. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/five-things-to-outsource-in-your-restaurant-2888626 [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Mol, M.K.a.M.J., 2009. OUTSOURCING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: A NEGATIVE CURVILINEAR EFFECT. [Online] Available at: https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3254/1/WRAP_mol_110610-outsourcing_and_financial_performance_v_jpsm_final.pdf [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Pellicelli, P.M.a.M., 2012. The Strategies of Outsourcing and Offshoring. [Online] Available at: https://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_9_September_2012/15.pdf [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Pine, M., 2017. Why Do Companies Outsource? [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/why-do-companies-outsource-2553035 [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Riggins, N., 2017. 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing from Your Small Business. [Online] Available at: https://smallbiztrends.com/2017/02/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-outsourcing.html [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Riley, J., 2010. QA - Explain what is meant by outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://www.tutor2u.net/business/blog/qa-explain-what-is-meant-by-outsourcing [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Sherman, R., 2015. Why Business Process Outsourcing is on the Menu for Restaurant Chains. [Online] Available at: https://www.capgemini.com/blog/bpo-thought-process/2015/02/why-business-process-outsourcing-is-on-the-menu-for-restaurant [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Smith, A., 2012. The Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2479context=thesesdissertations [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Sonfield, M.C., 2014. Outsourcing Strategies for Small Businesses. [Online] Available at: https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/viewFile/206/160 [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Syluancia, L., 2009. The Objectives of Outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://ezinearticles.com/?The-Objectives-of-Outsourcingid=3188795 [Accessed 13 August 2017]. Yeboah, A., 2013. The Relationship Between Outsourcing And Organizational Performance. [Online] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.735.2183rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed August13 2017]. Zeif, D., 2007. Restaurant Outsourcing vs. In-House Operated. [Online] Available at: https://www.hotelfandb.com/articles/38-restaurant-outsourcing-vs-in-house-operated [Accessed 13 August 2017].

King Lear A Transformation of Self Essay Example

King Lear: A Transformation of Self Paper In King Lear, William Shakespeare traces one mans discovery of his individual sinfulness and ignorance, and his eventual appreciation of his mortal flaws and their consequences. Through the imagery of sight and eyes, Shakespeare details King Lears passage from initial blindness to the virtue, honesty, and love of Cordelia to the ultimate restoration of his vision through suffering and selfless love. By illustrating the loss and gain of internal sight, as well as, detailing Lears transformation from egotistic pride to self-abandoning love, the reader is taught to assess reality in terms of truth within ourselves, rather than, mere appearance or monetary value. Lears tragic flaw is his excessive desire for approval and exaltation, which he looks to obtain by asking his three daughters to profess their love for him. The two eldest daughters, Regan and Goneril, speaking with self-serving exaggeration, give Lear exactly what he desires, reverence and adoration. However, Cordelia, his most beloved daughter, refuses to comply with Lears superficial desires. Aware that love extends deeper than artificial compliments, Cordelia confesses her plain love, characterized by modesty and honesty. Then poor Cordelia! / And not so, since I am sure my loves/ More ponderous than my tongue Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave/ My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty/ According to my bond, no more nor less (I. i. 79-81, 93-95). We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear: A Transformation of Self specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear: A Transformation of Self specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear: A Transformation of Self specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The king, enraged by her modest words, disowns her as a barbarous/ Scythian (I. . 117-118). Blinded by pride and conceit, Lear refuses to acknowledge the painful truth about himself-the truth conveyed by Cordelia. In reality, obviously, Cordelia is the only daughter who truly loves Lear with complete goodness. In banishing Cordelia, the anger Lear displays, as well as, the punishment he inflicts are consequences of his blindness caused by pride and conceit. Because of his pride, Lear sees vice within Cordelia and virtue within Regan and Goneril, where none exists. Because Lear empties his entire kingdom, as well as, himself to the deceptive daughters that flatter him, rather than Cordelia, the honorable daughter, chaos descends on his kingdom. The chaos in his kingdom and his internal turmoil are mirrored through the storm. The storm, not only, echoes Lears inner turmoil but, also, forces him to recognize his own mortality and vulnerability. Throughout the storm, the reader becomes increasingly aware of Lears transformation. In the storm, Lear begins to abandon his arrogant persona and, finally, begins to cultivate a sense of humanity. Rarely acknowledging the Fool, Lear begins to feel sympathy for him. Come on, my boy. How dost, my boy? Art cold? Poor Fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/ Thats sorry yet for thee (III. ii. 69, 73-74). In developing a deepening sensitivity to other people, Lear dethrones himself and, for the first time, sees that, he too, is only human. Because he has experienced the suffering caused by his two oldest daughters, as well as, the physical pain attributable to the storm, Lear is able to ally himself with the poor naked wretches That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm (III. iv. 28-29). With this newfound compassion and sympathy for the suffering of others, Lear begins to reveal humane attributes. In becoming human and emptying himself, Lear begins to see truth within himself, rather than, in power or financial value. However, it is only through Cordelias death that Lear can see his flaws clearly. Holding Cordelia, his beloved daughter, as she is dying, Lear has the power to see himself and to know his own soul. Lear, in the final moments of his life, finds himself by professing his anguish and love for the daughter that he has mistreated. Her voice was ever soft,/ Gentle and low, an excellent thing in woman. I killed the slave that was a-hanging thee I am old now,/ And these same crosses spoil me (V. iii. 274-276, 279-280). By emptying himself to his daughter, through selfless love, Lear reaches liberation from his tragic flaw, his excessive desire for approval and exaltation. On the verge of death, Lear redeems his soul by completely giving himself in love and in body to his daughter. Releasing his soul from the constraints of pride and conceit, Lear is, finally, able to find truth within himself. With Cordelias death, Lear is able to grasp reality in terms of truth rather than superficial value. Shakespeare depicts a society blinded by illusion and false reality. Lear is unable to overcome his superficial attributes until he, both, literally and figuratively, empties himself. This play is not about Lears punishment for abandoning Cordelia, but about a kings struggle to rid himself of disillusion and cleanse himself of superficial characteristics. King Lear is a depiction of sin redeemed through love and flaw cleansed through suffering. Through King Lears struggle, the reader is taught to assess reality in terms of truth within ourselves, rather than, in social stature or financial value.

Psittacosaurus - Facts and Figures

Psittacosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Psittacosaurus (Greek for parrot lizard); pronounced sih-TACK-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Scrublands and deserts of Asia Historical Period: Early to middle Cretaceous (120 to 100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 3 to 6 feet long and 50 to 175 pounds, depending on species Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, blunt head with curved beak; small horns on cheeks About Psittacosaurus As you may have guessed from its name, Greek for parrot lizard, what set Psittacosaurus apart from other dinosaurs of the Cretaceous period was its distinctly un-dinosaur-like head. This plant-eaters curved beak made it somewhat reminiscent of a parrot, but otherwise, its squat noggin was distinctly tortoise-like. (One shouldnt draw too much from this analogy; Psittacosaurus, and other ornithischian dinosaurs like it, werent directly ancestral to modern birds, an honor that belongs to saurischian dinosaurs.) Although its often depicted in a four-legged posture, paleontologists believe some species of Psittacosaurus (there are at least 10 currently named) walked or ran on two legs. (A new study concludes that this dinosaur scuttled around on four legs as a juvenile, then assumed a bipedal posture thanks to a growth spurt in its hind legs.) Psittacosaurus seems to have led a relatively quiet life, although the horns on its faceprobably a sexually selected characteristicindicate that the males may have engaged in combat with each other for the right to mate with females. Theres also solid evidence that Psittacosaurus cared for its young after they hatched, like the distantly related duck-billed dinosaurs Maiasaura and Hypacrosaurus. By the way, you wouldnt know it from its small, unprepossessing appearance (six feet from head to tail and 200 pounds, max, for the largest species), but Psittacosaurus is classified as a ceratopsianthe family of horned, frilled dinosaurs the most famous members of which were the much later Triceratops, Protoceratops, and Styracosaurus. In fact, Psittacosaurus was one of the most basal ceratopsians, predated only by the late Jurassic Chaoyangsaurus and itself a close cousin to a bewildering array of proto-ceratopsian genera, including Yinlong and Leptoceratops.

Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Monopolistic Competition Advertising is a technique used by firms in monopolistic competition to create product differentiation and gain some control of the market, and as a result, charge a higher price. Excessive advertising will serve to inform consumers about the physical difference in the product and the perceived difference will lead to increased product differentiation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If advertising convinces customers that the product is superior to the competitor’s then the firm would charge a higher price (Arnold 241). Advertising will increase demand and reduce demand elasticity. The current profit maximizing output is given by Q at a price P; therefore, advertising will increase the quantities of the product the consumers are willing to purchase leading to a shift or a move in the demand curve t o a higher level. The new demand curve will correspond to higher levels of quantity demanded and the prices given by Q1 and P1 (Arnold 245). In a monopolistic competition the firm faces a comparatively elastic demand, and this limits the prices that can be charged on the product. In order to reduce demand elasticity, the demand curve will be relatively steeper implying that consumers are likely to change their quantity demanded as a result of a change in price. As illustrated in the diagram the firm can now charge a slightly higher price P1 for the same quantity, this means the firm can collect more revenues for the same quantity Q sold at a profit maximizing level of output (McConnell and Brue 494). However, a firm cannot maximize profit when faced with inelastic demand because the marginal revenue (MR) is negative, implying that the marginal cost (MC) would be negative. Such a situation is not possible, where marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) are both negative (Arnold 2 46). Excessive advertising could lead to inelastic demand and the firm will have to increase the price in order to make demand elastic because profit is not maximized when demand is inelastic. (McConnell and Brue 489). Advertising is expensive, and the firm will keep on advertising as long as the revenues generated from advertising are more than the cost of advertising. As a result of advertising, demand may increase and become inelastic, and, on the other hand, the marginal cost (MC) and average cost (AC) are likely to rise at the same time. Advertising in a monopolistic competition is excessive and as long as revenues per product are more in comparison to increase in average cost per product it may not result in loses. Firms in a monopolistic competition market will use advertising to maintain its profits because advertising affect the products of the firm by increasing its demand.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More Oligopoly The Oligopolist can increase its market share through advertising, and they compete on the basis of advertising rather than on pricing (McConnell and Brue 492). Excessive advertising by the Oligopolist is used as a barrier against entry of other firms. It is also used to inform consumers of new products in the market. Advertising also leads to increased output pushing down the average total cost (ATC) curve towards the productive efficiency point, where average total cost (ATC) is minimum. Advertising may also lead to manipulation as opposed to informing consumers. In order to understand the interdependence behavior of oligopolistic firms the technique of game theory is used as illustrated in the diagram, it shows that the two firms are better off colluding than competing. At the top left shows that both firm A and B could earn 200 dollars profit each if they choose to advertise. At the right lower quadrant, the two firms can re ceive 250 dollars each if they both choose not to advertise, because there are no costs for advertising (McConnell and Brue 496). At the lower left quadrant firm B decides to advertise while firm A does not advertise and, therefore, firm B will earn 350 dollars profits and firm A earns 100 dollars profits. This is because advertisement attracts customers from firm A to firm B. At the top right quadrant firm B does not advertise while firm A decides to advertise, therefore; firm A receives 350 dollars profits while firm B receives 100 dollars in profits because customers are attracted away from firm B. On the other hand, if the two firms chose to collude to advertise they would each receive 250 dollars profits. In oligopoly, there are few dominant players in the market and each cannot fully influence the market independently unless they collude to influence and affect the price and demand. Advertising in an oligopolistic firm is used to increase both market share and total demand.Adv ertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an attempt, to gain bigger market share Oligopolist will engage in fierce advertising competition trying to outdo each other. (McConnell and Brue 494). This scenario makes advertising in the oligopolistic markets to be extremely high. It is difficult to tell if advertising leads to in improved consumer benefits and efficiency. However, if advertising results to more sales and increased output, this could lead to efficiency of the firm. It is costly to advertise and may lead to improved efficiency if costs are less than the benefits from sales. Advertising may have no direct relation with the benefits to the consumer, however, if increased sales arising from advertisement leads to reduced prices, then customers will enjoy some benefits (McConnell and Brue 487). Arnold, Roger A. Micro Economics. 10t h ed. Washington, DC: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. McConnell, Campbell R. and Stanley L. Brue. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005. Print.

Good Ethics in Good Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Good Ethics in Good Business - Assignment Example There are conflicting studies regarding the link between good ethics and profitability in the short term, however, it does appear that good ethics can help a company achieve a strong long-term business model. Conversely, in the cases of Enron, Parmalat, and Merrill Lynch for example, a business ethics-related scandal can cost billions of dollars and even the destroy a company. Empirically, ethics or the lack thereof, can be a wild-card factor that can either improve or cost a business. More or less, good ethics serve as an insurance policy against corporate implosion and can help establish long-term customer and employee loyalty. In today's business culture, however, profitability is still the trump card, even amongst a trend toward greater corporate social responsibility. To understand what good ethics are, a clear definition of ethics must be made. The reality is that among others, there are two major separate and at times, conflicting paradigms regarding a preferred business model. The prevailing model in modern business, an open-market model, relies philosophically on Adam Smith's lassiez faire approach, that unadulterated market competition will always yield the most effective results. In theory, a pure open market system abhors any form of market interference, as it will only work counter to the maximization of an economic system. On a practical level, this type of competition finds its way into the investment markets. Large corporations are constantly under pressure to showcase their value in the form of stock prices, earnings reports, and prognoses for increased profitability in the near future. It would be considered unethical in this model to interfere with the natural conduct of business. Advocates of this model are by nature, against regul ation. The other model, which focuses on corporate social responsibility, is a more holistic approach that includes the social consequence of a company beyond its shareholder obligations. Therefore, good ethics are measured by the benefit to all entities that come in contact with a company directly or indirectly, from shareholders, to customers, to employees, to subcontractors, and to the environment. This type of model, which has been recently adopted by the United Nations, is challenging the traditional bottom-line approach and redefining the meaning of good ethics in business. The open market model has been the prevailing model of big business since roughly 1980, following international economic turmoil, believed to have been caused by an over-regulating economic philosophy from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Deregulation, desperation, and temptation have invited many ethics scandals in recent memory, from European scandals in the 1980' and 1990's to the U.S. based global corporate scandals in the early 21st Century. Lloyds of London for example, one of the largest insurances providers in the world, narrowly avoided bankruptcy as a result of allegedly misrepresenting its profitability and the amount of liabilities in the early 1980's to its Names, or wealthy individuals who underwrite their policies. The scandal led to over $8 billion in losses as it rocked London's financial markets, and as Tony Blair claimed, "Lloyd's has committed the largest, most extensive and pervasive fraud in history (McClilntick, 2000)." Another large European company, Parmalat , has been accused

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Strategic management - Essay Example It is currently the largest coffee house globally with its current size satisfying a customer base of more than 40 million weekly. It operates 16,635 stores in 50 countries whereby 11,068 are located in the United States. The company operated 9,031 stores and 4,776 licensed stores as of 2011 fiscal year. The company has three operational segments namely the Global Consumer Products Group (CPG), United States (US) and International (Quelch, 2006). Its product lines include beverages such as coffee, soda, juices and Tazo tea, pastries, whole coffee beans and merchandise such as CDs and mugs. Its three largest overseas markets are Japan (more than 180 stores), England (more than 370 stores) and 120 stores in both China and Taiwan. Starbucks is currently the fastest growing food chain. It is planning to boost earnings by 20% to 25% in the preceding five years and increase its global storefronts to 40,000. The company attained a 14% increase in revenue to $13.3 billion in the fiscal year 2012. The company is optimistic that the revenues will further grow in the fiscal year 2013 at a range of 10% to 13% following the growth in store sales, new store openings and advancement in channel development business. The US segment includes both company-oriented and licensed stores. The US segment sells coffee and other beverages, whole bean coffee, complementary food and other selected merchandise through stores. Its financial management goals are conservative in that the existing stores pay for the new store installations. To ensure customer satisfaction, Starbucks focuses on value chain development, market development and penetration, horizontal integration and concentric and conglomerate diversification. This paper is a strategic analysis of Starbucks Coffee Company with focus on its United States business segment. Market Environment Analysis for Starbucks Coffee Company PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis contains five factors (political, Economic, Social, Technological, E nvironmental and Legal) that affect the external business environment of the company (Appendix 2). The three most crucial factors affecting the US business segment of the company are political, economic and technological. Political/legal The political/legal environment of Starbucks is of high significance because the company imports all their coffee beans; international laws must apply. The high taxation rates in coffee producing countries makes the company hike the prices of their commodities. This implies that any fluctuations in the taxation rules will be passed to the consumer. Increased prices affect the consumption rates of customers. Trade issues will predominantly affect Starbucks when importing or exporting goods. According to Dlabay, Burrow and Kleindl, (2011), imposition of tariffs leads to losses as well as large income transfers that can become inconsistent with equity. The local elections may also have negative effects on the business due to the change in administratio n that may alter the business laws. Economic Increase in the international or local interest rates tampers

Fighting cocks Essay Example for Free

Fighting cocks Essay A richly textured social history of Hispaniola†¦ the cock flight is designed to pit equal combatants against each other, and among humans equality is in short supply on Hispaniola. Perhaps this explains why the victorious cock brings glory to his owner yet the victors in the human competition have hardly been inspiring. Kirkus Reviews (January, 1999) There are lots of situations in history when people of power try to use others to fight for the interests which they represent and use them as marionettes or as fighting cocks. We often become witnesses of historical events in which politicians were using ordinary people to fight for their ideals. The idea of the fighting cock is clear to everybody- in a general sense it’s a bird which fights in the arena for the amusement of its owner and as long as the cock wins, it remains alive. Whenever it loses, it gets cooked for the next dinner. Of course, the idea of the fighting cocks in the novel has an allegoric sense but it is hard to imagine any other word which would describe the events going on in the history depicted in the novel with a different term. In order to give a full review of the novel, we are going at first to focus on the main points which it covers, i. e. on the historical period which is depicted in the novel. The main goal of our research is to show how events were going in the period of history which we are analyzing, what contribution Michele Wucker has made to the analysis of the events and what made her work outstanding. We are also going to investigate who were the allegoric fighting cocks in the novel and their owners and how they were trying to achieve their goals by using the fighting cocks. In Michele Wucker’s novel Why the Cocks Fight- Dominicans, Haitians, and the struggle for Hispaniola, a complex exploration of the cultural divide between Haiti and the Dominican Republic is given and the novel focuses on the 1937 massacre which is the central movement in Hispaniola’s history. It appears impossible to understand the essence of the novel without knowing some information about the island Hispaniola which serves as the arena for the fighting cocks in the novel. Investigations show that Hispaniola rises out of the Caribbean between Cuba and Puerto Rico and nowadays still remains a mystery to most North Americans. During the conquest, France and Spain tore the island apart and thus considered themselves a general owner of the island. In a while, the conquerors found themselves no match for the Africans they brought there to work and die in the sugarcane fields. The Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic has diverged considerably from its French-speaking island neighbor but the two nations share more than a porous common border. In order to give a full idea of the differences between those nations, we can give the following information: while in the recent years the Dominican Republic has become a state which a GNP growing faster than GNP of any other Latin country, Haiti remains the poorest country in the Americas. Wucker’s novel focuses on the often tortured relationship between Haitians and Dominicans. They are the cocks which were mentioned in the title of the novel. Those cocks are fighting for territory and power in a cockpit of an island and the stakes are cultural and psychological, sometimes even matters of life and death, in a fight which has been going on for centuries and which brought lots of sorrows to the nations, like any fight. Even though the nations are sharing the same island, they have completely different cultures and thus share different ideals. One nation is French-speaking and black, another one is Spanish-speaking and mulatto. Just as the owners of the fighting cocks contrive battles between the birds, the leaders of Dominican Republic and Haiti often stir up nationalist disputes and exaggerate their cultural difference as a way of deflecting other kinds of turmoil. Even though ordinary people would probably not want to participate in the struggles from their own will and desire, the leaders do their best to force their people to realize that they need to fight for right to rule. The phenomena of Michele Wucker’s book is that the author weavers together the histories and current plights of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is not an easy task to depict both historical facts and also the realities of modern times but Michele Wucker has done a very successful job on that. The author unveils the seemingly chaotic yet ritualistic world of Dominicans and Haitians and in her novel moves back and forth from the time of Columbus to the 20th century and through the intervening years to emphasize recurring themes rather than a linear story.

ADHD Impact on family Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Impact on the Family After reading the articles Driven to Distraction and Lost in Translation, both from Today’s Parent magazine, I have learned many new things. I learned that it is sometimes not very easy to pick out a child with ADHD, even if it is your own child. It could take years to discover that a child has ADHD. It can be easily detected once the child has entered elementary school. One of the signs of ADHD is falling behind in school, or acting up and not being able to pay attention for long periods of time. This causes frustration for the child, the parents, teachers and the other students in the classroom. It is difficult for parents because they do not want to believe that their child has a disability. It is even harder for the child because they are the ones that have to deal with the name calling, being held back a grade or two and just knowing that they are different. The issue of being different for a child living with ADHD is very stressful and could make the child not want to le arn new things or pay attention in school. They just give up on trying to learn. From these articles I have also learned that it is easier to pick out boys with ADHD than it is with girls. This is because the boys are generally more active, restless and known for impulsiveness. Girls with ADHD are normally up and down in regards to their grades. One day she will get zeros and the next will be perfects on the same assignments. The attention level that boys show tends to be the...

Spin Masters Toys Case Write-Up

MG 640 Spin Master Toys (A): Finding A Manufacturer for E-Chargers 1. ) Executive Summary: †¢ Spin Master Toys core competencies are marketing and bringing creative toys to market. †¢ Alex Perez should choose Wah Shing and utilize their core competencies of manufacturing electronic toys. †¢ Electronic components can be difficult to acquire therefore Wah Shing’s relationships with suppliers will be beneficial. Speed to market is key, therefore Wah Shing has the best capabilities to meet Spin Master delivery commits †¢ Building long-term supplier relationship with Wah Shing is imperative if Spin Masters decides to stay in the electronic toy industry. 2. ) My assessment of the process Spin Masters has used to get to this point is, they are really good at developing good relationships with retailers, investors and have in-depth knowledge of research and development of various toys. Spin Masters has expertise in developing low technology â€Å"fad† toys a nd distributing them to retailers quickly.Spin Masters lacks engineering and manufacturing capabilities and therefore it’s necessary to outsource both. The company used their own â€Å"grassroots marketing† campaigns to stimulate interest in their toys. Spin Master’s has a â€Å"botched† process when it comes to the manufacturing and delivery of their toys. This end process appears to always be a â€Å"scramble† especially as they enter the electronic toys market. Since electronic toys are new to Spin Master, they should have utilized an early supplier involvement strategy.A company like Wah Shing early on could help them with the engineering and development from an early stage and then manufacture the plane for Spin Master Toys. Spin masters is good at marketing and bringing creative toys to market, whereas a company like Wah Shing has expertise in engineering and manufacturing of electronic toys. In short, it’s best to take one company's w eaknesses and mate them up with another company’s core competencies. 3. ) As Alex Perez, of the two potential suppliers, I would choose Wah Shing. Wah Shing’s core competencies include the engineering and manufacturing of various electronic toys.Spin Masters needs to find a manufacturer who is capable of providing high quality products in a short time span. Wah Shing has a very large facility which includes 6 engineers, 3,500 total employees and is the preferred electronic toy manufacturer for some of the largest companies in the toy industry. With that said, Wah Shing has a reputation for the manufacturing of high quality electronic toys. One of the biggest obstacles I currently face is getting E-Chargers to market on time to obtain the first mover advantage. Wah Shing has only 20% of its manufacturing capacity available but that is still a lot of freed up space for E-Chargers.The company could possibly devote a total of 700 employees (20% of 3,500 employees) to focus only on the manufacturing of E-Chargers. Currently, Spin Master needs a total of 20,000 units therefore each employee would be responsible for a total of 29 E-Chargers. Since many of the smaller components are sourced from other companies, this appears to be an achievable milestone to meet for the December deadline. In considering Wah Shing as a supplier for E-Chargers, cost and financial risk needs to be taken into account. Wah Shing has annual revenues of nearly $40 million, which is over $10 million more than other Hong Kong competitors.Without knowing any further details, it is safe to assume Wah Shing is in good financial health due to their proven track record with Hasbro and Tiger. There does not appear to be any indicators that Wah Shing has or will have any financial burdens in the near future. In terms of cost, Wah Shing appears to be slightly more expensive than Wai Lung. The per unit difference is about $. 32-$. 37 (HK$2. 45-HK$2. 83) depending on the container load. Wa h Shing also includes critical components such as the motor and the capacitor in their pricing quote where Wai Lung does not.This can be due to the fact that Wai Lung does not have a reliable supply base in line for electronic components. I am faced with stringent time constraints and therefore I cannot risk any possible supply disruptions. As for Wah Shing they have developed good supplier relationships with electrical component suppliers. This is crucial as the components used in E-Chargers are not always readily available. Wah Shing has minimal financial risk, competitive pricing and more knowledge of the componentry that E-Chargers entail.Wah Shing has produced other complex electronic toys and therefore would have the processes and technological capabilities to produce an E-Charger within the stringent tolerances. It would be hard for me to change Wai Lung’s core competencies of die-casting and plastic toys. I do not think with the time I’m allotted I would be abl e to overcome the knowledge gap they have for electronic toys. Wah Shing’s engineers have the ability to closely monitor the production of E-Chargers and correct any problems that may arise in the manufacturing process.It is imperative to have engineers readily available who can help prevent any potential work stoppages as Spin Masters does not have a lot of time to get E-Charges to market. Lastly, after careful consideration I noticed Hasbro does have relationships with both Wai Lung and Wah Shing. Hasbro has contracted less complex toys to Wai Lung as that’s their core business and more complex electronic toys to Wah Shing. This has further imbedded that knowledge is power especially when it comes to more complex toys.Lastly, after careful consideration Spin Master Toys has invested heavily in E-Chargers and it’s my responsibility to ensure the correct supplier is chosen. Another determining factor that I had noticed is Wai Lung is only at 40% capacity whereas Wah Shing is at 80% capacity. If E-Chargers really take off as planned, I need to engage in a longer-term supplier relationship. This is especially true since Spin Master is aligned with introducing a full line of E-Chargers. While Harary was visiting Wai Lung, he mentioned that they had â€Å"lost a significant portion† of their business due to a â€Å"disagreement with a large toy company†.I realized that Wai Lung may not be our best option as they don’t have a proven track record especially with a large toy company. This could possibly be the result of so much capacity becoming available. Harary also advised that Wai Lung may not be in a position to take on new projects in the short term. Spin Master’s E-Charger does not appear to be a good fit for Wai Lung as they need as much attention as possible to expedite their products through the manufacturing process. 4. ) In implementing my decision to have Wah Shing be the supplier of choice for E-Chargers, I would first have to close the loop of management communication.My main focus is to be the first to market with E-Chargers and in doing so I need to communicate with senior leadership at Wah Shing. I believe messages and priorities are best delivered from the top down, so I need to get my message to the top. Wah Shing currently has a lot of work in house, so even if Spin Masters has to pay expedite charges it will be well worth it if we get to market first. Also, not only would I like to meet senior leadership personally I would like to have our two project managers based in Hong Kong meet them as well. This is a starting point in creating a personal relationship with key contacts of Wah Shing.The ideal relationship I would like to see develop would be to have these two managers visit Wah Shing on a regular basis as it’s only 5 hours away. The next step in implementing my decision would be to understand how Wah Shing communicates with their customers. I would like to know i f they have any electronic data interchange (EDI) capabilities so Spin Master can have daily updates in real-time as to the status of their products. Wah Shing delivers quality products, but anything can happen with a newly developed product in the manufacturing process, for example a batch of E-Chargers could possibly weight too much and not fly.Real-time production updates can better align myself and Spin Master Toys to help Wah Shing overcome such issues. Also with the use of such real-time information we can update our customers and provide current status on their orders. Over the next six months I have to ensure many tasks are carried out in a timely manner. These tasks include, making sure the quote package is completed by July 1st, vendor quotes are expedited to meet our July 10th date, and the final design release is on schedule as well. I will be a busy guy and will have to utilize my project management skills.Once all of my preliminary tasks are complete, I will be traveli ng to Wah Shing frequently to ensure our E-Chargers are on track for our shipment deadline to retailers. I will have to monitor and address the 35-day lead-time for tooling, as this could be an opportunity for us to take some time out of the process. While visiting Wah Shing I will also be addressing key issues such as capacity. I want to ensure that Wah Shing is utilizing the right people to our products as we cannot afford to lose any more time.Capacity is very important at this time as we’re only forecasting 20,000 units right now but we need room to increase our capacity as we ramp up. In the month of November I will be closely monitoring our ramp-up schedule as I do not want any E-charger stock-outs. E-Chargers will be on an end-cap; therefore our product will have a lot of visibility to customers. As I said before as Spin Masters and I develop a good working relationship with Wah Shing a lot of the bottlenecks we face with E-Chargers may not occur in the future if we st ay in the electronic toys market. Word count: 1,647

The returning of the moon man

One Autumn evening of the same year, Griffith ‘s family heard a noise, they went to the street and they noticed that a spacecraft departed from London, it would be the first expedition to the moon but It had crashed and an astronaut was Injured so they needed someone to go In his place _ Grandfather didn't let Deal go with them and took the place of the injured man, so he went to the moon. He was there for a long time so Grand married another man, as she believed that her husband would not return from space, and they went to 1954 for they honeymoon.However, Grandfather came back and when e discovered what had happened, he chased them to 1954, where he smashed the Time Machine and imprisoned Grand in a nunnery. 9. Write the names of the characters. Grandfather Griffith; Grand; Deal my father; Browne, the narrator; Mother; Electric Plumber Williams, Uncle Space-ship-Repairs Jones; Auntie Space-ship-Repeals Jones; The Moon Men; Lonely Time Machine. 10. Choose two characters that h ave impressed you the most and build up their profiles: Name: Grandfather Griffith Role in the story: He is a main character. Description (appearance, personality, actions): He is tall, fiery, old and hard. Great shining rocket. He shot out his long arm and grasped a chopper†. Name: Grand Role in the story: She is a main character. He is like Description (appearance, personality, actions): She uses black clothes, pathetic- looking little woman. She is sad, progressive, persistent, ignorant and angry. â€Å"Grand shivered and sighed†. 11. Describe the setting of the story (time and place). Time- A. D. 2500. Place- Pen-Y- Craig Farm in Rural Wales. 12. Describe the main action/topic/theme of the story. The story occurs in the Rural Wales when the light appeared. C. 13. Explain the meaning of the story title.Grandfather goes to the Moon for a long time and then he returns. 14. Give it another title. Grandfather goes to the Moon. 15. Give the story a different ending. When Grandfather came back from the Moon and discovered Grand had married with another man, he chased them. After having held them, he found a convent to leave Grand. Grandfather wanted to return to the moon with intentions of staying there to live so past few days he went to the moon and never returned, leaving everyone to think that his life was on the moon. 16. Write two quotes from the story that you liked and explain your choices. â€Å"She

Erotica v Pornography essays

Erotica v Pornography essays Cages. Consider a birdcage. If you look very closely at just one wire in the cage, you cannot see the other wires. If your conception of what is before you is determined by this myopic focus, you could look at that one wire, up and down the length of it, and be unable to see why a bird would not just fly around the wire anytime it wanted to go somewhere. It is only when you step back, stop looking at the wires one by one...and take a macroscopic view of the whole cage, that you can see why the bird does not go anywhere; and then you will see it in a moment. It will require no great subtlety of mental powers. It is perfectly obvious that the bird is surrounded by a network of systematically related barriers, no one of which would be the least hindrance to its flight, but which, by their relations to each other, are as confining as the solid walls of a dungeon. It is safe to assume that every man and woman in America has seen some sort of pornography, whether it is a Calvin Klein billboard, or the latest issue of Playboy. The two may seem unrelated, but the link is that they both objectify women. People who view this material transform the human in the picture into an object of desire, an object that they wish to possess. As with everything, there are opponents to this sort of pornography, one of which is the feminist movement. A key player in this movement is Gloria Steinem, who has founded several women's foundations and written two books about women's rights. As a feminist, one of the things Steinem believes is that women are in a social position underneath men, and that there are several factors that contribute to this position, one of which is pornography. In Gloria Steinem's essay 'Erotica vs. Pornography', pornography is seen as objectifying women, and in doing so continues to keep them in a position of sublimation. She tries to prove that eradicating pornography would eliminate social injustices against women. S...

Impacts Of Oil On Sea Turtles - Sea Turtles and Oil Spills

Impacts Of Oil On Sea Turtles - Sea Turtles and Oil Spills Oil spills can be devastating for a variety of marine life, especially for endangered species like sea turtles.   There are 7 species of sea turtles, and all are endangered. Sea turtles are animals that travel widely, sometimes thousands of miles. They also use the shorelines, crawling up onto beaches to lay their eggs. Because of their endangered status and their wide range, sea turtles are species that are of particular concern in an oil spill. There are several ways that oil can impact sea turtles. How Do Oil Spills Effect Sea Turtles? Ingestion of Oil or Oil-Contaminated Prey: Turtles dont tend to avoid oil spill areas, and may continue to feed in these areas. They may eat oil or prey that has been contaminated by oil, resulting in a number of complications for the turtle. These can include bleeding, ulcers, inflammation of the gastrointestinal system, problems with digestion, damage to internal organs, and overall effects on the immune and reproductive systems. External Effects From Swimming in Oil: Swimming in oil can be dangerous for a turtle. Breathing vapors from the oil can result in injury (see below). Oil on the turtles skin may result in skin and eye problems and increased potential for infection. Turtles can also suffer burns to their mucous membranes in the eyes and mouth. Inhalation of Oil Vapors: Sea turtles must come to the ocean surface to breathe. When they come to the surface in or near an oil spill, they may breathe toxic fumes from the oil. Fumes may result in irritation of the turtles eyes or mouth, and internal damage such as irritation to the respiratory system, injured tissues or pneumonia. Impacts On Sea Turtle Nesting: Sea turtles nest on beaches - crawling up on the beach and digging holes for their eggs. They lay their eggs, and then cover them up, until the turtles hatch and the hatchlings make their way to the seas. Oil on beaches may affect the health of the eggs and the hatchlings, leading to a lower hatchling survival rate. What Can Be Done? If affected turtles are found and collected, they can be rehabilitated. In the case of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, turtles are being rehabilitated at 4 facilities (1 in Louisiana, 1 in Mississippi, and 2 in Florida). More Information on Oil Spills and Sea Turtles: Louisiana Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Rescue Program. Accessed June 10, 2010.NOAA. 2010.  Sea Turtle Strandings and the Deepwater Oil Spill  (Online). NOAA. Accessed June 10, 2010.

Enhance HR & Fin communication Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17500 words

Enhance HR & Fin communication - Thesis Example Details of each chapter can be described in the following manner. The section will be added after completion of the project, therefore, this section will be written in past tense. Purpose of the project will be defined and sub research objectives will also be briefed in this section. Then, brief about selected research methodology will be given. Key findings of this research paper will also discussed. At the end part, 4 to 5 keywords will be added. Mainly first and second headings will be used throughout the paper and these headings will be highlighted in the table of contents part. Reference list (Works Cited for MLA) and appendices will also be added in the table of contents. Separate list of tables and figures used in the research paper will also be added after table of contents. In this section, background of the research problem titled as â€Å"Communication between Human resource Division and Finance Division in Department of Transport for the government of Abu Dhabi† will be developed. In simple words, objectives as well as necessity of this project will be stated. Theoretical arguments of different research scholars will be used to develop context/background of the research problem. In order to connect the research problem with Department of Transportation – Abu Dhabi (DoT), brief discussion will be added. However, introduction of the company will not be added. Considering suggestion of your supervisor, mission statement or value proposition of the Department of Transportation – Abu Dhabi (DoT) will be intentionally ignored in the introduction section. Gap in the literature review regarding the research problem will be highlighted in order to establish importance of the research project. Identifying gap in the literature will help t he study to justify the selection of the research topic. For example, the gap

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 119

Essay Example positive effect of such content can only be achieved if the teaching on the content is done by an informed individual, who is able to differentiate meanings of the words and images used. The studies by American Academy of Pediatrics have shown that music has relatively low influence on the behavior of children. The lack of observable influence simply results from the fact that little attention is paid o the lyrics of music, while at the same time; the level of understanding of such lyrics by children might be low. However, there is an open suggestion by researchers that music has an influence on the behavior of children. The isolation of an individual or that of children by their parents is not a solution to avoiding the evil that is rampant in the modern society. The plausible alternative is for individuals to educate each other regarding the consequences of certain thoughts and actions. This would be essential to avoid taking action that would harm the society, by simply paying attention to misleading actions or information. For example, it is very easy for people to misinterpret the revenge theme covered in Psalms 137, by holding that it is the right of the Jews to be revenge against harm. However, when the psalm is read carefully, it simply indicates the need for the Jews to adhere to good conduct, and allow another power beyond them to revenge for their harm. The content of this psalm reveals the Jewish belief in the golden rule that those who wrong others will also encounter just punishment. This understanding is instrumental in helping people avoid violent and evil behavior towards others. It is right that the Liturgy of the Hours needs to be included in at the end of psalms 137, only that it needs to be accompanied by positive interpretation like the one offered by St. Augustine, Ambrose or Oregon. There is a need t interpret the bible both figuratively and also literally, such that it might not end up being used the same way as modern music and lyrics,

SC2C67C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SC2C67C - Essay Example , Middle and Far East for new workers, providing them with British citizenship and inviting them to take up jobs within the UK labour market (Kenny; Briner, 2006: 3). The UK workforce has steadily become more multi-ethnic in the past five decades (p.31). Gender: The number of women working away from home has increased several-fold, with the proportion of women in the workforce nearly equal to that of men, and steadily increasing. But, in terms of remuneration, choice projects or promotions, they are discriminated against. Age for retirement around the mid-fifties is considered too early in present times, with men and women perceiving themselves to be capable of several more years of employment. Employers’ preference for younger people is prevalent, with educational qualifications and energy counting more than experience which veterans may have. Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: In a study, among those who reported discrimination at the work place on the basis of ethnicity or race, 28 % reported being passed over for promotion, 21% reported being assigned undesirable tasks, and 16% reported hearing racist comments Dixon, et al, 2002 quoted in (Nelson; Nielsen, 2005: 18). Migration to the United Kingdom, and settlement patterns mean minority ethnic people now make up 8% of the UK population residing mainly in the larger cities like London and Birmingham. UK Government projections show that, because of their younger age profile, minority ethnic people account for 50 per cent of the growth in the UK working population between 1999 and 2009 (Cabinet Office Strategy Unit, 2003 as quoted in Kenny; Briner, 2006: p.3). Ethnic minorities like the Africans also are represented as a significant proportion of the population, many of them having their roots in Britain since several generations earlier. Ogbonna (1998) quoted in Kenny; Briner (2006: 14), states that a â€Å"vicious circle of unequal opportunities† commonly affects the motivation of unemployed minority

Dubrovnik- Pearl of the Adriatic Essay Example for Free

Dubrovnik- Pearl of the Adriatic Essay On the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, perches a city with origins that span nearly two millennia. The joining of two small towns, Dubrava and Laus, birthed the city of Dubrovnik. Dubrava was a community of Slavic immigrants, which was located at the foot of the woody Srd hill. Laus was a town on a little island off the southern Dalmatian coast. This town often gave shelter and protection to the Italian immigrants from the neighboring city of Cavtat. The origin of the city, as a joining of different worlds, was to be the harbinger for everything that would come of it. Beginning with its formation in 7th century, when it was mapped and called Ragusium, Dubrovnik fell under the defense and fortification of the Byzantine Empire. This pledge of loyalty lasted through the Crusades up to year 1205. As soon as crusades subsided, Dubrovnik came to be under the authority and dominance of Venice (Dubrovnik1). During this period Dubrovnik was safeguarded from outside threats as a profitable seaport. There were two harbors constructed on each side of the isthmus. Two importance political papers helped to shape the history of the city from this period. The Dubrovnik Statute, signed in 1272, and the Customs Statute signed in 1277. Title VII of the Statute, Chapter 67 is dedicated to the systematization of maritime customs and law. This covered ship equipment and maintenance, sea routes, crew member ratings, tonnage, general averages, their obligations and rights, sea rescue, general underwriting and averages, arsenals of the ship, and maritime trade agreements. The rise of Dubrovnik to the position of an independent state, and a prosperous and booming maritime city, was due directly to the success of these acts (â€Å"Shipping†). When the city of Dubrovnik governed itself as a free state it adopted the name â€Å"Respublica Ragusina. † This is translated as the Republic of Ragusa, and was sometimes refered to as the Republic of Dubrovnik. During these prosperous times of the Venetian occupancy, a strip of swampland down the middle of the two parts of the town was reclaimed. This combined the two halves of the city around a newly built plaza, which is now called Stradun, or Placa (Dubrovnik1) and became the new center of the town. This plaza was not renovated again until the middle of 14th century, under the reign of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom. They came to power through the 1358 Peace Treaty of Zadar. In 1358, the Zadar Peace Treaty Dubrovnik free to return focus to shipbuilding at home. By the year 1525, a national shipyard was constructed in Gruz (â€Å"Shipping†). Ragusa’s Republic attained its historic financial and political peak of power during 15th and 16th centuries. At this time, they were competing with, and in cases surpassing, the prosperity of the renowned republic of Venice, as well as Italian maritime states. The power of the city state was governed by an aristocracy. They developed and maintained two City Councils. These Councils were responsible for enacting, and upholding laws, which were not only profitable on material terms, but also extremely progressive on the humanitarian front. Despite the firm authoritarian system, which was comprised of structured social classes, they valued liberty very highly. The Republic of Ragusa eradicated slave trade within their ports and surrounding lands in the early part of 15th century. This encouraged growth via emigration. Balthasar de Faria to King John reported one example; in the year 1544 a ship arrived packed with Portuguese evacuees (Dubrovnik2). While continuing to prosper, and gaining an international reputation, the city was able to balance its domestic power and authority with the interests of outsiders, such as the Ottoman Empire and Venice, for centuries. It was not the failure of the government that would lead to the inevitable fall from grace. In 1667 a natural disaster, an earthquake, struck the area. It was disastrous for the majority of the Mediterranean shipping ports, and left the Ragusa Republic badly weakened. Two years after, the governing body was compelled to sell two areas of its territory to the Ottomans. The intent was to stabilize the economy and to defend itself from the improving Venetian armed forces. This maneuver worked well, protecting them from the Venetian forces, but as many others, Ragusa met with its conclusive downfall at the hands of Napoleon. The forces of Napoleon occupied and conquered the Venetian regions first, and followed by Dubrovnik state in 1806. At the beginning, Napoleon only asked for a free passage for the troops he led. He promised not to conquer the territory and places great emphasis on a treaty with the joint allies, the French. It was the French armed forces which blocked the harbors of Dubrovnik and compelled the government to concede. French’s troops then entered the city. During this occupation, the people of the city painted every flag and coat of arms above the city walls black, as a symbol of misery and sorrow. Marshal Marmont eradicated the republic and assimilates its region into the Illyrian provinces in 1808 (Dubrovnik2). In 1815 Dubrovnik was freed from the control of the French forces, through the decree of the Congress of Vienna, and places in the hands of the Austrian Empire. During that year the previous Ragusan government was able to meet for the last time. Substantial efforts made to reestablish the Republic failed miserably. Right after the downfall of the republic, the majority of the aristocracy relocated overseas. The Gozze family was the last remaining of the previous ruling class of families. The Croatian Assembly, Sabor, printed and circulated the People’s Requests. In this document, they asked for amongst other things, the elimination of serfdom and the amalgamation of Croatia and Dalmatia. The municipality of Dubrovnik was the major talked of every Dalmatian commune in its support for amalgamation along with Croatia. A message was mailed from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with vows and promises to work for this plan. Through the year 1849, Dubrovnik persisted in its bid to head the Dalmatia cities in an effort for amalgamation. A large-scale movement was inaugurated in the Dubrovnik paper called L’Awenire, which means â€Å"The Future. † The plan of action was based on a program of the Slavic brotherhood and the federal system for the Habsburg areas. These included the lands of Dalmatia into Croatia. The first copy of the Dubrovnik almanac was the â€Å"Flower of the National Literature,† Dubrovnik, Cvijet Narodnog Knjizevstva, in which Petar Preradovic printed and circulated his renowned poem â€Å"To Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik1). † The literary and journalistic texts in this paper influenced awareness of the national consciousness. This was mirrored in hard work to present the language of Croatian in school, business establishments, and government offices as well as the publication of Croatian books. In response, Emperor Franz Joseph ordered the institution of a document called the â€Å"Imposed Constitution† which banned the amalgamation of Dalmatia and Croatia. In 1861 the first Dalmatia Assembly held a meeting which has representatives from Ragusa. Kotor’s representatives arrived in Dubrovnik to support the previously failed efforts for amalgamation with Croatia. Ragusa’s citizenries provided them a merry and cheerful welcome. They hung Croatian flags from the walls and banners displaying the slogan: â€Å"Ragusa with Kotor†. When the Kotorans assembled a commission to go to Vienna, Dubrovnik elected Niko Pucic to stand in for them. Niko Pucic traveled to Vienna to request not only the amalgamation of Dalmatia and Croatia, but also the amalgamation of every Croatian’s areas and regions under a single communal Assembly. They remained subject to the Austrian Empire until 1867 with little significant social or economic change (Dubrovnik2). Niko Pucic made several contributions before he passed away in the year 1883. As a staunch supporter of the Croatian Assembly, he was one of the most vocal advocates of the amalgamation of Dalmatia, specifically Ragusa, with Croatia. Additionally, he was also the founder of the review Slovinac and the editor of the review Ragusa. The year Niko Pucic passed, the region saw the death of another great political leader and writer as well, Ivan August Kaznacic. Ivan August Kaznacic was an advocate and a publicist of the Illyrian cause. He revised the review Zora Dalmatinska, translated as Dalmatian Dawn, and established the Dubrovnik review L’Awenire (Dubrovnik2). The city’s minister, Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, had a monument constructed in memory of Ivan Gundulic in Piazza Gundulic. It was the efforts of these men, and others like them, which eventually led towards toward the emancipation of Dubrovnik from the Austria-Hungary Empire in 1918. Throughout the centuries, the citizens refused to recognize Dubrovnik’s ‘official’ name Ragusa. With the downfall of the Austria-Hungary Empire and the unification of the territory into the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes, which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, their name was officially restored. Time marched on and still the changes did not stop coming. At the very start of World War II, Dubrovnik was the initial founding location of the Independent State of Croatia. From April 1941 up to September 1943, Dubrovnik was inhabited by the Italian forces, which were followed by the Germans. In October of 1944, the Partisans removed the land from the hands of the Germans and Dubrovnik was made part of the second Yugoslavia in 1945 (Dubrovnik1). The Yugoslav People’s Army remained though the 1970s. During these later years the occupying forces came to recognize and respect the historical significance of the city’s architecture. In an effort to avoid it from turning to be a casualty of war, the walled interior of the 7th century â€Å"Old Town† was demilitarized. New wars began in the last two decades, and much of the city, old and newer, was damaged by artillery and mortar attacks. The architecture and art were not the only artistic casualties of the war. The celebrated poet Milan Milisic died in the bombing campaign. At the end of the war, a rebuilding project headed by the UNESCO and Croatian authorities began. They reconstructed the city in salute to its original styles in order to both preserve and honor its rich history and beauty. The most damaged structures were still being reconstructed as of in 2005. (â€Å"Battle†) The town of Dubrovnik has much to be proud of. Not only did this city remain intact throughout two thousand years of continuous invasion and war, but they grew more culturally complex, and yet steadfast in their identity, with each new wave. Every invasions brought new markets to the seaport town. During the middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, it was the only eastern Adriatic city-state capable of competing with Venice. They worked with one of the most well known bell and cannon founder named Ian Rabljanin-Magister Johannes Baptista Arbesis de la Tolle, and it was during this reign of maritime trade that Dubrovnik earned the nickname â€Å"Pearl of the Adriatic† (Dubrovnik2). The region now produces and markets leather goods, liquor, refined oil, diary products, and silk. In addition to marketing goods, the people of Dubrovnik have learned to market to a thriving industry of cultural tourism (Dubrovnik 293). Once a year, beginning with a welcome ceremony on the 10th of July, they host a drama, music and dance festival bringing tourists from all over the world. At night, there is a display of fireworks at sea, as well as festivity on the highways and boulevards. For the following seven weeks, there will be entertainers each day. Some of these are historical, such as the Renaissance entertainment on the Square. Others are special displays of art at the many galleries, and concerts in the palace of Rector. The summer festival of Dubrovnik is the biggest, most famous, and most renowned cultural event in current day Croatia. This celebration springs from a 16th century revival of social and artistic culture. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the city was able to attain the attention of Masters. The wealth and proficiency of the regions diplomacy was due in no small part to progress through the spoken Croatian language. Dubrovnik became home to the heart growth and development of Croatian painters, playwrights, physicists, language and literature. In addition, the city became home to several distinguished and remarkable poets, mathematicians and other scholars. There is still a strong and powerful expression of theatre, music and dance in the festivities today. These often include a star-studded line up of worldwide entertainers who flock to perform on the distinctive settings of both the interior and outdoor stages of the old town. In the year 2004, the festival drew 50,000 tourists and 300,000 neighboring guests. There were about 151 journalists, 6 TV crews and 14 photographers were qualified, 1,300 articles printed and circulated, in addition to the innumerable domestic and international radio and TV mentions. The said ceremony has figurative value which the city presents itself to the arts (Rachlin, 28-29). Aside from shopping and cultural events, Dubrovnik is considered as one of the heart of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County for its numerous archeological attractions. The center of the settlement is a walled portion of what is called the â€Å"Old Town. † This section of the city still has a medieval flavor and flare, tucked inside 9th century city walls. There are a pair of standing 14th century convents and an earlier cathedral, on which construction began in 1190. Additionally there is the 15th century palace of the Rector. Truly, Dubrovnik’s struggle for freedom has yielded success financially and socially to its own people and town. Despite the domination by several invaders, over centuries spanning into millennia, the leadership and the people of this town prospered and retained a sense of themselves. They did not lose hope or heart, but continued to press on for the liberty they had mandated for others and deserved themselves. Repeatedly they refused to allow the circumstance hinder their pursuits of both market and social development at home and abroad. The leaders and the people stood together for rights they believed in. Dubrovnik’s success and beauty will continue to attract the attention of a world that values such determination and stand as a testament to the honor and strength of a great people. Works Cited â€Å"Battle of Dubrovnik†. Annex XLA: The battle of Dubrovnik and the law of armed forces. United Nations-Security Council. /1994/674/Add. 2 (Vol. V), December 28, 1994. Dubrovnik. 1 New Standard Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Standard Educational Corporation, Chicago. Dubrovnik. 2 Wikipedia. 2005. Public Domain. 10 Sep 2006 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dubrovnik. Rachlin, J. , Walken, C. , Dance, C. and et al. â€Å"Dubrovnik’s Summer Festival†. GSReview, GS Magazine, pp. 28-29 July 10 to Aug. 25, 2005. â€Å"Shipping History†. 2004. Dubrovacka Plovidha. 10 Sep 2006 http://www. atlant. hr/dubrovnik_shipping_history. html

puddn head wilson Essay -- essays research papers

Pudd’nhead Wilson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson juggles three plot lines, which all come together in a murder trial at the novel’s end. Pudd’nhead Wilson is a Northerner who comes to the small Missouri town of Dawson’s Landing to build a career as a lawyer. Immediately upon his arrival he alienates the townspeople, who don’t understand his wit. They give him the nickname â€Å"Pudd’nhead† and refuse to give him their legal work. He scrapes by on odd work and spends most of his time dabbling in scientific hobbies, most notably, fingerprinting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roxana, or Roxy, is a beautiful slave who can pass for white, though she is one- sixteenth black. To save her infant son from ever being sold away from her, she switches him with the child of her white master, who looks just like her son and was born on the same day. Her son Chambers, now called â€Å"Tom† grows up as a white man and heir to an estate. Her master’s child Tom, now called â€Å" Chambers†, grows up a slave. â€Å"Tom† grows into a cruel, cowardly man. His gambling debts lead him, under Roxy’s guidance, to rob houses, sell the now-freed Roxy as a slave, and finally to murder his uncle, Judge Driscoll, in a botched robbery attempt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luigi and Angelo are former sideshow performers. Good-looking and charming, they claim to be Italian twins, heirs of a deposed nobleman. They arrive in Dawson’s Landing to rent a room in Widow Cooper’s house, claiming the...

An Analysis of Early Years Philosophies

Introduction The importance of early years’ education has long been recognised within both academic and professional circles. By establishing strong theories and policies during the early years of education, this then has a knock-on effect on the other aspects of education and makes the overall educational system more effective, in terms of producing capable adults. This paper will look firstly at the contribution of leading theorists when it comes to the provision of key documents in order to guide those in the practical application of these theories in the context of early years’ education (Catron and Allen 2007). The paper will then go on to look at current policies and practices in early years’ education and how these either support or disprove the theoretical perspectives laid out. The final section then goes on to establish a personal philosophy of how the author here has pulled together existing theories and practices to develop their own approach to early years education. Key Theories of Early Education Unsurprisingly, those involved in the theories and philosophy which have emerged, over the years, in relation to early years’ education have gained considerable attention. In order to consider the theories each will be looked at in turn to look at their own contribution and in order to consider any advantages and disadvantages associated with these theories and concepts. This will be broken down within each theory to look at the key issues of: Children’s learning Relationships Learning Environment Meeting Children’s Needs MontessoriChildren’s Learning The educational approach developed by Montessori promotes the notion of freedom and independence in early years’ education, provided of course there are limits put in place with respect to the existing level of education and understanding of the children involved. Although multiple different approaches have been developed and are broadly considered to be based on the educational theories of Montessori, there are certain elements of this educational theory that would be essential, regardless of how it is applied in practice (Montessori, 1994). This includes the use of mixed age classrooms for children between the ages of three and six, with the students themselves having a choice of activities. Once they have been given a range of choices, the work time should be uninterrupted, as far as possible and a discovery model of behaviour being used to encourage the children to explore themselves, rather than being directly instructed on certain patterns of behaviour. In order to facilitate this approach, there needs to be freedom of movement within the classroom. Meeting Children’s Needs Montessori is largely considered to be an educational theory. In reality it is more of a theory of human development and nature, with two key basic principles. Firstly, when children and adults engage in any form of development, they take on board a self construction approach, as they interact with items and the environment around them. This recognises that the learning experience is directly linked to interaction with external factors and it is the stimuli is crucial to this educational theory and places a much heavier emphasis on facilitating, rather than direct teaching (Cadwell and Rinaldi 2003). Learning Environment With this in mind, those looking to apply this educational theory, in practice, will need to consider the environment almost as much of the content of the lesson itself. This is achieved by creating a harmonious and clean environment that is uncluttered and encourages free movement and activity, but also ensures that the availability of material is linked to the area of development being targeted. By restricting the material available, this has the effect of guiding the learning experience, but not to such an extent that the individual feels constrained. This educational theory also breaks down the age groups of those involved, with the recognition that children under the age of six are undergoing an incredibly dramatic development period and therefore developing self-construction during this period will potentially be the most important element of long-term development. Certain key expectations are included within this educational theory to guide expectations, without constraining e ither teacher or student. For example, the acquisition of language is something that is recognised as taking place, continuously, and therefore social behaviours will only truly become a fundamental element of the learning experience from approximately 2 years onwards, according to this educational theory.Waldorf Education (Steiner)Another formative educational philosophy is that referred to as Waldorf education or Steiner, which was established in Austria the early 20th century. As a result of this, several independent Waldorf schools were established, primarily in Germany, although also in neighbouring countries. This theory of education looks at the stages of development as being a crucial underpinning factor as to how education should take place. This theory broadly splits child development into three distinct stages, each of which lasts around seven years. The early years’ education which takes on-board the first seven years focuses primarily on providing hands-on activi ties and creative play opportunities, so that the primary focus is on child development through physical and practical activities, during this phase. Children’s learning For the purposes of this analysis, it is the first stage that is most important. However, so that it can be seen how these early years of education fit into the broader picture, it is worth noting that the second stage focuses more on social development and the third on academic understanding. Although the Waldorf theory can largely be seen as an educational theory that can be attached to independent schools across Central Europe, many of the theories and philosophies have permeated more traditional educational establishments. Relationships The education ideas put forward by Steiner largely follow the concept of common sense and go beyond simply what is taught to children. These theories also look at the environment and broader issues such as health and well-being. Taking this developmental approach is, in many ways, similar to that looked at above, with the Montessori theory; however, it is much more focused on ensuring practical experiences, where the children are not necessarily focusing on maintaining freedom as the primary and key theme (Roopnarine and Johnson. 2005). The emphasis during the early years period is on providing children with practical activities that will allow them to live life experiences either by following the examples of others, or by their own experimentation. Throughout this theory there is also a heavy emphasis placed on nature, where external influences may be seen to be relevant.High ScopeMore recently, developed in Michigan, USA, is the High Scope early childhood educational approach which looks at a variety of different educational establishment, including kindergarten, pre-school and even home-based childcare, in order to look at the ways in which early childhood development should be best established, so as to lay down the foundations for future learning. The development of this educational theory was primarily founded on the concept developed by the psychologist Lev Vygotsky, which takes a scaffolding-style approach, suggesting that adults should form a learning â€Å"scaffolding† around children, to take into account their current level of development and encourage them to build on it (French and Murphy 2005). Relationships Several central concepts have been developed alongside this educational theory and although participation from the student is important, as it is with the other two theories, there is, however, a structure associated with this educational theory which distinguishes it from the previous theories (High/Scope Educational Research Foundation 2001). Learning Environment For example, environment is seen as important, within this educational theory and the classroom is expected to comply with a high scope model would have several well-defined interest areas, e.g., there would be a toy area and an art area, clearly delineated and made available for the children. This supports the basic learning approach that is advocated by the other two theories in that students will gain from interaction with adults and their own construction of the world around them. However, this is done in a much more structured way, where the daily routine requires early years’ children to be following a predictable sequence of events throughout the day and there not being complete freedom, as advocated by Montessori. To a certain extent, this theory can be seen to be a muted version of the earlier theories. Furthermore, although a heavy emphasis is placed on a constructivist and interaction approach, a much more rigid structure is put in place to ensure that there is consistency and comfort offered to the students and that they understand exactly what is likely to happen, on any given day.Forest SchoolsFinally, there is the specialist theory associated with Forest Schools Education which involves outdoor education and suggests that the children are able to develop confidence and knowledge through having a large amount of outdoor activities and engaging at times within a forest environment. These types of schools are seen as a means of building independence within any age category and the theory of Forest Schools has become a pedagogy, in its own right. This recognition of the importance of the environment is itself something that can be utilised, either in its own right or alongside the previous theories of development of early years children, as advocated by the other theories, mentioned above. Government Legislation and Guidance Within the UK, the Department for Education provides guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). The aim of this guidance is to produce basic compulsory standards that all entities involved in the early years’ education provide. The statutory framework for the EYFS stage was established in 2012 and is the full document guiding those involved in the provision of years’ education is seen as merely a minimum standard that they are required to meet and any underlying aims and objectives that should be in mind when establishing their own methods and philosophies. This was given its statutory status by virtue of the Childcare Act 2006. There are underlying aims associated with the guide, including the desire to provide consistency and equality of opportunity for all young children, which will ultimately then provide a secure foundation upon which every child can develop in an appropriate manner and according to their abilities and desires and become well adjusted young adults, in the future. Basic safeguarding welfare requirements are also fundamental to this guidance and, although the focus here is on educational theories, it should be noted that early years’ education theories should, at all times, consider welfare issues and how these may interact within the educational environment (Helm, and Katz 2001). Overarching principles recognise that each child is unique and will be in a constant state of learning and development, and will therefore need to be adaptable and taking the lead from the child in question. Furthermore, the establishment of positive relationships, both with their peers and adult groups is crucial and educational environments should be enabling and positive, regardless of precisely how they are set up or managed. Depending on the nature of the early years provider there may be more specific requirements when it comes to learning and development. For example a childcare provider for wrap-round services, e.g. outside of school hours, would have a lesser requirement to support learning and development, as it would be presumed that the learning and development has been covered within the educational environment. In order to ensure sufficient flexibility, while also ensuring equality and consistency with policies produced in the area of learning and development down into three key subjects: communication and language; physical development; and personal, social, emotional development. All providers of early years’ education need to provide basic supporting literacy, mathematics, general understanding of the world and expressive arts and design. To a certain extent, the rigidity of the current requirements would prevent total freedom within the educational environment and this would disallow a pure theory, such as that of Montessori, to be used although many of the elements of this educational theory can still be present, despite the constraints of the statutory guidance. When establishing methods of learning and development the guidance requires the use of a mixture of directed and free play within any education establishment and this prevents the approach from begun being entirely focussed one way or the other. The binding agreement to deliver the statutory framework requires that there are three characteristics which must be applied to all the activities that are undertaken by those involved in early years’ education. Firstly, there is the need to encourage playing and exploring which is supportive and congruent with the earlier theories of Steiner and Montessori and which encourage every child to explore and develop during their early years. Secondly, there is the need for active learning which encourages children to concentrate and to continue to strive to achieve the results that they are after (Anning et al 2004). Thirdly, there is the need to encourage the creativity and critical thinking of the children, in order to develop their own thoughts and ideas, as well as making links between ideas which they can then use in the future. Although the statutory guidance has a relatively large level of structure attached to it, on the whole, it follows the educational theories on early years’ education advocated by Steiner and Montessori. Certain requirements are also placed on early years’ education providers; for example, a pupil must have an allocated key person with whom they interact and who has responsibility for ensuring that they are developing and learning in an appropriate manner; this is also seen as a welfare and safeguarding issue, where this is a non- negotiable requirement. Certain standards are expected of children at any stage of early years’ education, such as the requirement that, by a specific age, sentences should be constructed and the children will be regularly reviewed and tested, in order to ascertain whether they are meeting the requirements, exceeding the requirements, or falling short. Although it is not expected that every child will develop at the same place, regular monitoring in many areas which are deemed to be weak is critical and a fundamental part of the current framework, so that the child in question can then be supported to develop in these weak areas. The main assessment is undertaken in the final term of the academic year in which the child becomes five years old is provided to the child’s carers / parent and other professional that are relevant during the early years. This assessment has several purposes other than to simply ascertain the current stage of learning for the child in question and provides information for the teacher who will be dealing with the child, as soon as they enter into compulsory education. This indicates that the early years’ agenda does in fact have the underlying aim of placing children in the best possible position to enter Year One (National Council for Curriculum and Assessment 2004). Another important aspect of the statutory guidance which is relevant to this discussion is the heavy emphasis placed on partnership arrangements, with the requirement for early years’ education providers to engage with the local authority, where appropriate, particularly for welfare and safeguarding issues. The essence of the policies here, therefore, is to fulfil certain requirements for having the statutory, basic standards in place, while also offering freedom to the early years’ educational establishment, in order to allow them to adjust, depending on the nature of their establishment and the types of facilities available to them. This would seemingly be a combination of theories, as discussed above, and goes largely along with the early focus on freedom and independence, but with slight constraints put in place. Based on this it can therefore be argued that the closest educational theories discussed above to the current situation are that of High Scope, where the adult operates as a form of scaffolding around the independent and free learning of the children. There does however need to be clarity, on a day-to-day basis, but the children themselves are given the freedom to develop at their own pace. A Personal Philosophy By looking at the educational theories explored in the first part of this report and also looking at the way in which the government has established guidelines, both compulsory and optional for educational establishments, the author here has been able to develop their own personal philosophy for early years’ education. This personal philosophy also draws, to a certain extent, on reflective learning from the author’s own experience within the early years teaching environment. As a result, and in the opinion of the author, it was found that the educational theories that support the notion of entirely free play are not as effective as the current educational agenda. However, whilst there are merits in the notion of entirely free experiences for very young children, as advocated by Montessori, it is suggested here that there needs to be a degree of structure, as this is more reflective of the educational experience which the children are likely to receive in the future. Moreover, there is an underlying aim within early years’ education to present children with the best possible foundation before branching into compulsory education and this would seem to be the main focus. The author also believes that the most appropriate philosophy is a combination of Waldorf and High Scope, stating that there needs to be at least some degree of structure and expectation, in order to ensure that there is sufficient consistency. Each child leaving early years’ education needs to be in position to undertake compulsory education; therefore, without having at least some boundaries and expectations laid out for all involved in education, this would result in some children not being able to achieve basic standards. This could ultimately impact, not only on their educational knowledge, but also on their self-esteem, if they were to enter compulsory education considerably behind others, in terms of attainment (Hohmann, 2002). Applying the statutory rules which are in place within the UK also supports this philosophy and recognises the fact that the ability of children to learn and develop will be different, particularly within the early years, and there needs to be at least some freedom for the children to explore and make up their own minds. This does, however, need to be structured and facilitated by the educational professionals, so that any individual weaknesses can be identified and supported in such a way that would not be possible, if total freedom were given to the students. Educational theories provide a strong background to the way in which education should be delivered, both from a physical environment perspective, through to how the adults responsible for delivering education interact with the children in their care. Despite the need for structure, it is noted here that a strong emphasis should also be placed on freedom of choice for the children when building social and self-esteem factors, which are arguably going to be the foundations for future learning, far beyond technical skills such as the ability to read and write (Penn, 2005). By looking at the broader developmental issues, such as those set out in the statutory guidance, those involved in delivering educational standards can adapt to deal with any issues that arise, rather than being constrained to delivering a specific curriculum. Based on this, my own personal philosophy of education is a hybrid between High Scope and Waldorf, with a bias towards increasing structure, so that basic standards are achieved, regardless of the underlying skills and personalities of the children involved. References Anning, A., Cullen, J. and Fleer, M. (eds.) (2004). Early childhood education: society and culture. Delhi, New York and London: Sage Publications Cadwell, L. B., and C. Rinaldi. (2003) Bringing Learning to Life: A Reggio Approach to Early Childhood Education. New York: Teachers College Press. Catron, C. E., and J. Allen. (2007) Early Childhood Curriculum: A Creative Play Model, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Department of Education (2012) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/2716/eyfs_statutory_framework_march_2012.pdf French, G. and Murphy, P. (2005). Once in a lifetime: Early childhood care and education for children from birth to three. Dublin: Barnardos. Helm, H and Katz, L (2001) Young Investigators: The Project Approach in the Early Years, New York: Teachers College Press. High/Scope Educational Research Foundation. (2001). The physical learning environment: Participants guide. Michigan: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation Hohmann, M., et al. Educating (2002) Young Children: Active Learning Practices for Preschool and Child Care Programs. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. Montessori, M (1994). From Childhood to Adolescence. Oxford, England: ABC-Clio. pp. 7–16 National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. (2004). Towards a Framework for Early Learning. Dublin: National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. Penn, H. (2005). Understanding early childhood. Glasgow: Open University Press. Roopnarine, J., and J. Johnson. (2005) Approaches to Early Childhood Education, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall.